NURS6501 Week 1 Discussion Alterations in Cellular Processes

NURS6501 Week 1 Discussion Alterations in Cellular Processes

NURS6501 Week 1 Discussion Alterations in Cellular Processes

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder arising from a defective protein called cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) which disrupts the normal function of epithelial cells that line the passageways of the respiratory, digestive and reproductive organs (McCance and Huether, 2019). The CF gene is passed down by both parents and is found on chromosome 7 (McCance and Huether, 2019). The CFTR regulates the concentration of sodium, chloride, and water that passes across cell membranes. Sodium and chloride regulate the amount of mucus that coats the linings of the affected organs.

In a case with CF, CFTR insufficiency results in the interference of chloride secretion, sodium reabsorption, and water transport thus causing the body to produce viscous mucus and mucociliary dysfunction (Turcios, 2020).

CF is common among European culture. According to Turcois (2020), studies show that CF is more prevalent among whites with a 1 in 2,500 chances of the child inheriting the CF gene, however, all ethnicities are not immune to it.

In the scenario, the mother is concerned that her 6-month- old has intermittent abdominal distention, cries every so often after eating and does not gain weight despite having a good appetite. The reason is that the buildup of mucus in the pancreas leads to insufficient production of pancreatic enzymes which disrupts the absorption of proteins, fats and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) which are needed for proper growth (McCance and Huether, 2019).  It is essential to educate the mother to adhere to proper nutrition and initiate the intake of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy to counteract the malabsorption (Kulkami, Kansra, & Karande, 2019).

Since CF also affects the sweat glands, the CFTR disrupts the balanced excretion of sodium and chloride causing the buildup of sodium and water traveling to the skin surface which is why babies tend to taste salty (Kulkami, Kansra, & Karande, 2019).

As for the 23-month-old, the insufficient CFTR in the epithelial linings of the lungs produces thick and sticky mucus trapping pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and fungi that do not clear out as it should causing patients to have recurrent lung infections and inflammation (McCance and Huether, 2019).  Respiratory symptoms are likely to appear more in older infants than newborns (Turcios, 2020). Therefore, the mother should have her child tested for possible CF.

The mother also inquired about having more children.  The chance of a family member having a hereditary disorder is called recurrence risk (McCance and Huether, 2019). CF is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning an individual inherits 1 copy of the defected gene from each parent (Kulkami, Kansra, & Karande, 2019).  Since both parents are carriers of the defective gene, they have 1 in 4 chances that their child may inherit CF, 1 in 2 chances that the child will be a carrier and 1 in 4 chances that the child will not be a carrier.

References

Kulkarni, H., Kansra, S., & Karande, S. (2019). Cystic fibrosis revisited. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 65(4), 193–196. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.4103/jpgm.JPGM_263_18

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

Turcios, N. L. (2020). Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease: An Overview. Respiratory Care, 65(2), 233–251. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.4187/respcare.06697

Discussion Post 1

The patient is presenting signs consistent with positive symptoms of sore throat or better called streptococcal pharyngitis. This disease condition is caused by group A streptococcus pyrogen. The infection is indicated by elevated temperature of 99.9, redness of the pharynx which may include exudate, tonsils that are enlarged lymph nodes. Other symptoms of strep throat include pain, difficulty swallowing and breathing problems. Streptococcal Pharyngitis NURS 6501 Week 1 Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes

The role genetics plays in the disease: It is important to note that genetics play a very important role in the disease process (Keene, Christiensen, & Stiller, 2018). Variations in the DNA and differences in how the DNA function which includes coding for structural proteins that stimulate the biochemical pathways that lead to disease conditions. In the case of sore throat the genetics involvement in the disease process is not clear. It is possible that some families are more susceptible to this disease than others

Why the patient is presenting with the specific symptoms described: This disease is usually transmitted through contact with infected person. The person described in the scenario is infected with the bacteria which survives in the pharynx of an infected person. The infection is the reason for the symptoms.

The physiologic response to the stimulus presented in the scenario and why you think this response occurred: The human body naturally increase body temperature as an innate immune response to fight the growth of any foreign objects found in the body. The toxins produced by the bacteria released into the bloodstream can lead to systemic immune response. The physiologic response here is because of anaphylactic reaction which can be a form of allergic reaction to amoxicillin. The medication acted as allergen and caused the release of histamines and prostaglandins. The swelling, difficulty breathing and other symptoms are signs of allergic reaction.

The cells that are involved in this process: According to Hammer & Mcphee, (2014) the bacteria pathogen that causes strep throat arrange itself in fragment of red blood cells to avoid detection. It was discovered that Group A Streptococcus (GAS) produces protein named S protein which binds to red blood cells to avoid being destroyed by phagocytic immune cells (Bergamini, 2019)

How another characteristic (e.g., gender, genetics) would change your response: The condition is most common in children 5- 15 years old. Adults suffer from the condition but at much lower rate. There is no evidence at this time to suggest that gender is a risk factor. As per genetics, it is possible that some family lineage can be more vulnerable to certain disease than others. Streptococcal Pharyngitis NURS 6501 Week 1 Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes

References

Bergamini, A. (2019). The allergic reaction to carboplatin. Cancer & Chemotherapy

            Reviews, 14(4), 69–72.

Hammer, G. D. & Mcphee, S. J. (2014). Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical

            Medicine (7th ed.). New York, NY: Mc Graw Hills

Keene, K., Christiensen, T., & Stiller, J. (2018). From DNA to Proteins. Science Teacher, 86(1),

35–39. Streptococcal Pharyngitis NURS 6501 Week 1 Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes

Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes

For this Discussion, you examine a case study and explain the disease that is suggested. You examine the symptoms reported and explain the cells that are involved and potential alterations and impacts.

To prepare:

• By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific scenario for this Discussion. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

By Day 3 of Week 1

Post an explanation of the disease highlighted in the scenario you were provided. Include the following in your explanation:

• The role genetics plays in the disease.
• Why the patient is presenting with the specific symptoms described.
• The physiologic response to the stimulus presented in the scenario and why you think this response occurred.
• The cells that are involved in this process.
• How another characteristic (e.g., gender, genetics) would change your response.

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

By Day 6 of Week 1

Respond to at least two of your colleagues on 2 different days and respectfully agree or disagree with your colleague’s assessment and explain your reasoning. In your explanation, include why their explanations make physiological sense or why they do not

Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit!

NURS_6501_Discussion_Rubric