Posts in category: Nursing Papers

NURS 6050 Walden University The Health Agenda Research

NURS 6050 Walden University The Health Agenda Research

Regardless of political affiliation, every citizen has a stake in healthcare policy decisions. Hence, it is little wonder why healthcare items become such high-profile components of presidential agendas. It is also little wonder why they become such hotly debated agenda items.
Consider a topic that rises to the presidential level. How did each of the presidents (Trump, Obama, and Bush) handle the problem? What would you do differently?
To Prepare:

• Review the Resources and reflect on the importance of agenda setting.
• Consider how federal agendas promote healthcare issues and how these healthcare issues become agenda priorities.

Post your response to the discussion question:Consider a topic that rises to the presidential level. How did each of the presidents (Trump, Obama, and Bush) handle the problem? What would you do differently?
Answer all parts of the discussion question(s) expectations with reflective critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module and current credible sources.
At least 3 sources that needs to be used:
DeMarco, R., & Tufts, K. A. (2014). The mechanics of writing a policy brief. Nursing Outlook, 62(3), 219–224. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2014.04.002
Kingdon, J. W. (2001). A model of agenda-setting, with applications. Law Review, M.S.U.-D.C.L., 2(331).

Lamb, G., Newhouse, R., Beverly, C., Toney, D. A., Cropley, S., Weaver, C. A., Kurtzman, E., … Peterson, C. (2015). Policy agenda for nurse-led care coordination. Nursing Outlook, 63(4), 521–530. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2015.06.003
O’Rourke, N. C., Crawford, S. L., Morris, N. S., & Pulcini, J. (2017). Political efficacy and participation of nurse practitioners. Policy, Politics, and Nursing Practice, 18(3), 135–148. doi:10.1177/1527154417728514
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Enhancing Environmental Health Content in Nursing Practice, Pope, A. M., Snyder, M. A., & Mood, L. H. (Eds.). (n.d.). Nursing health, & environment: Strengthening the relationship to improve the public’s health. Retrieved September 20, 2018.

/orders/www.whitehouse.gov/the-trump-administratio…

NURS 6050 Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health

“Presidential Agendas”
Regardless of political affiliation, every citizen has a stake in healthcare policy decisions. Hence, it is little wonder why healthcare items become such high-profile components of presidential agendas. It is also little wonder why they become such hotly debated agenda items.
To Prepare:
Review the Resources and reflect on the importance of agenda setting.
Consider how federal agendas promote healthcare issues and how these healthcare issues become agenda priorities.
By Day 3 of Week 1
Post your response to the discussion question: Consider a topic that rises to the presidential level. How did each of the presidents (Trump, Obama, and Bush) handle the problem? What would you do differently? “ATTENTION REPLY TO STUDENT DISCUSSION THIS TIME> YOU NEED TO CITE THE REPLY AND PROVIDE REFERENCES AT LEAST 3. “
RESOURCES/REFERENCES
Required Readings
Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Chapter 1, “Informing Public Policy: An Important Role for Registered Nurses” (pp. 11–13 only)
Chapter 2, “Agenda Setting: What Rises to a Policymaker’s Attention?” (pp. 17–36)
Chapter 10, “Overview: The Economics and Finance of Health Care” (pp. 171–180)
Chapter 12, “An Insider’s Guide to Engaging in Policy Activities”
“Creating a Fact Sheet” (pp. 217-221)
DeMarco, R., & Tufts, K. A. (2014). The mechanics of writing a policy brief. Nursing Outlook, 62(3), 219–224. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2014.04.002
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
Kingdon, J. W. (2001). A model of agenda-setting, with applications. Law Review, M.S.U.-D.C.L., 2(331).
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
Lamb, G., Newhouse, R., Beverly, C., Toney, D. A., Cropley, S., Weaver, C. A., Kurtzman, E., … Peterson, C. (2015). Policy agenda for nurse-led care coordination. Nursing Outlook, 63(4), 521–530. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2015.06.003
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
O’Rourke, N. C., Crawford, S. L., Morris, N. S., & Pulcini, J. (2017). Political efficacy and participation of nurse practitioners. Policy, Politics, and Nursing Practice, 18(3), 135–148. doi:10.1177/1527154417728514
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Enhancing Environmental Health Content in Nursing Practice, Pope, A. M., Snyder, M. A., & Mood, L. H. (Eds.). (n.d.). Nursing health, & environment: Strengthening the relationship to improve the public’s health. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
USA.gov. (n.d.). A-Z index of U.S. government departments and agencies. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from /orders/www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/a
USA.gov. (n.d.). Executive departments. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from /orders/www.usa.gov/executive-departments
The White House. (n.d.). The cabinet. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from /orders/www.whitehouse.gov/the-trump-administration/the-cabinet/
USA.gov. (n.d.). Executive departments. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from /orders/www.usa.gov/executive-departments
The White House. (n.d.). The cabinet. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from /orders/www.whitehouse.gov/the-trump-administration/the-cabinet/
 
 
Student A.A
RE: Discussion – Week 1
COLLAPSE
From 1999-2018, there were close to 450,000 people who died from an opioid overdose, including prescription and illicit opioids in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), focuses on certain areas with trying to control this massive public health issue. Some of the areas the CDC works towards is monitoring trends, building state and local tribal capacities, supporting providers, healthcare systems, and payors, partnering with public safety officials and community organizations, and increasing public awareness (CDC, 2020).
President Trump’s ideas and tactics behind defeating the opioid epidemic include, reducing the drug demand through education, awareness, and prevention; cutting off the flow of illicit drugs across the U.S. borders as well as within communities; and saving lives by expanding opportunities for evidence-based treatments for opioid addiction. On September 19th, 2018, the Trump administration gave more than one billion dollars in funding to state and local entities for the cause of this epidemic. Some of the efforts to reduce the over prescribing of opioids, included implementing a Safer Prescribing Plan which sought to cut nationwide opioid prescription fills by one-third in three years; calling for 95 percent of opioid prescriptions reimbursed by Federal healthcare to be issued using best practices within five years; and helping states transition to a nationally interoperable network of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs.          The Trump Administration issued 90.9 million dollars in Drug-Free Communities Support Program to 731 local drug prevention coalitions. High dose opioid prescriptions fell by 16 percent since Trump took office and in 2017, and the number of first-time heroin users ages 12 and older dropped more than 50 percent. There are other strategies being conducted to improve this crisis by the Trump Administration, such as working to keep drugs from entering the country, with cutting off land borders, and insuring first responders are provided naloxone to reverse opioids (Whitehouse.gov, 2018).
In 2010, former President Obama, released his first National Drug Control Strategy, which emphasized the need to act upon opioid use disorders and overdose, also while ensuring that individuals with pain are administered safe and effective treatment. The following year, the White House released its national Prescription Drug Abuse Prevention Plan. And in the year of 2015, the White House delivered the launching of the Prescription Drug Overdose: Prevention for States Program through the CDC. The Prevention for States Program would award states between 750,000 and 1 million dollars each year to be used for enhancing prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs); working on prevention in communities; working with health systems, insurers, and professional providers to assist them in making informed decisions regarding prescribing pain medication; and responding to new and emerging overdose issues through innovative projects (Wilson, J.J & Morgan, R.B., 2015).
In 2016, the Obama administration announced the plan to grant funding to fight the opioid epidemic. 53 million dollars was to be shared with 44 states to expand access to treatment, enhance data collection and curb abuse of opioid across the country. The grants were to fund prescriber training and education, to help increase the access to medication-assisted treatment and increase the prevalence of opioid overdose medications such as Naloxone (Petruzzelli, M., 2016).
Former President George W. Bush was determined to fight the opioid crisis when he took office in 2001. He set aggressive goals in order to reduce the drug issue in the United States; one tactic which included to reduce youth drug use by ten percent in two years. His primary focus was on three elements: to stop drug use before it stated, healing drug users, and disrupting the market for illicit drugs. There were numerous tactics used in these interventions, but overall, from the years of 2001-2006, illicit drug use declined among high schoolers (The White House, 2006).
After comparing the different tactics used by these three presidents, I personally, and putting any affiliation aside, agree more so with changing the laws on prescribing opioids to be more helpful in tackling this epidemic. I also appreciate the strong will which former President Bush had, on decreasing abuse from youth, as prevention is something, I am abundantly passionate about. Obama had great ideas as far as expanding access to treatment, and allocating a great deal of money to various states for the use of prevention and drug monitoring; however, I either over looked, or didn’t see much evidence of the Obama Administration, working toward changing laws as to prescribing opioids by providers.
References
CDC. (2020). Understanding the Epidemic. Retrieved from
/orders/www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html
Petruzzelli, M. (2016). Obama Administration Awards Money to Fight Opioids, Fund PDMPs. Retrieved from /orders/www.thenationalcouncil.org/capitol-connector/2016/09/obama- administration-awards-money-fight-opioids-fund-pdmps/
The White House. (2006). National Drug Control Strategy. Retrieved from
/orders/www.justice.gov/archive/olp/pdf/ndcs06.pdf
Whitehouse.gov. (2018). President Donald J. Trump’s Initiative to Stop Opioid Abuse and Reduce Drug Supply and Demand. Retrieved from    /orders/www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trumps-initiative-stop-opioid-abuse-reduce-drug-supply-demand-2/
Wilson, J.J. and Morgan, R. B. (2015). Obama Administration Initiatives to Address Prescription Drug Abuse and Heroin Use. Retrieved from         /orders/www.ncsl.org/research/health/obama-administration-initiatives-to-address- prescription-drug-abuse-and-heroin-use.aspx

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NURS 6050 Walden University Week 3 Politics and the Patient Protection Paper Completed/Solved Sample Included

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NURS 6050 WU Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Discussion

NURS 6050 WU Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Discussion

NURS 6050 WU Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Discussion

NURS 6050 WU Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Discussion

NURS 6050 WU Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Discussion

Respond to Two students’ Discussion for Week 3
Learning Objectives
Students will:
Analyze how cost-benefit analysis affects legislative efforts
Analyze legislative intent of bills
Identify proponents and opponents of bills
Analyze legislative process of bills
Advocate policy position for bills
Discussion: Politics and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Regardless of political affiliation, individuals often grow concerned when considering perceived competing interests of government and their impact on topics of interest to them. The realm of healthcare is no different. Some people feel that local, state, and federal policies and legislation can be either helped or hindered by interests other than the benefit to society.
Consider for example that the number one job of a legislator is to be reelected. Cost can be measured in votes as well as dollars. Thus, it is important to consider the legislator’s perspective on either promoting or not promoting a certain initiative in the political landscape.
To Prepare:
Review the Resources and reflect on efforts to repeal/replace the Affordable Care Act (ACA).
Consider who benefits the most when policy is developed and in the context of policy implementation.
By Day 3 of Week 3
Post an explanation for how you think the cost-benefit analysis in terms of legislators being reelected affected efforts to repeal/replace the ACA. Then, explain how analyses of the voters views may affect decisions by legislative leaders in recommending or positioning national policies (e.g., Congress’ decisions impacting Medicare or Medicaid). Remember, the number one job of a legislator is to be re-elected. Please check your discussion grading rubric to ensure your responses meet the criteria.
Do RESPOND TO TWO Colleagues By Day X of Week 3
Respond to at least two of your colleagues* on X different days by expanding on their explanation and providing an example that supports their explanation or respectfully challenging their explanation and providing an example.
Student 1 (A,A)
Cost/benefit analysis plays a critical role in assisting leaders in government in making improved decisions on distributing limited tax dollars. This technique has not been used greatly at the federal level for a consecutive amount of years. Certain states have utilized this technique to help with individual programs, for example, evaluating whether an economic development incentive is cost-effective in creating jobs (Urahn, S.K., 2012). I personally feel it all depends on the legislator running for office and their personal views on the healthcare system in general. If the candidate feels that the money being used for the ACA could be used “better” somewhere else, then this could impact their idea to repeal/replace the ACA.
29.8 million people would lose their health insurance across the nation, if the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was repealed. This would double the number of individuals without health insurance; also resulting in 1.2 million jobs being lost across the board. I feel that legislators, once again, have their own minds set on policies and the healthcare system. The ideal way of handling this situation, would be to look at the statistics of how many individuals in the nation are being supported with the ACA. Also, reviewing the statistics/data which is stated above, can help guide the candidate to making decisions.  The voice of the people is fairly strong and needs to be taken account of in the decision making of legislators. Seeing that the “number one job of a legislator is to be re-elected”, it is ideal that the candidate proves the words which they speak of. We have seen too much of “speaking with no action” in our history. Candidates need to understand that in order to be re-elected, the people want to see positive change that will impact all citizens in a positive way.
Typically elected officials want to make good policy. As they think about how they can make a difference, they ask themselves “What is the smart course of action to take?” During this process, unbiased, independent research is very important in helping them make decisions. Legislators must consider the “Triangle Test”, which consists of “Do my constitutes care about this issue?”, “Is this good policy for the Nation and does this make sense?”, and “Is this press worthy?” (National Council for the Social Studies, n.d.)
References
Economic Policy Institute. (n.d.). How would repealing the Affordable Care Act affect health care and jobs in your state? Retrieved from /orders/www.epi.org/aca-obamacare-repeal-impact/
National Council for the Social Studies. (n.d.). How Legislators Make Decisions. Retrieved from /orders/www.socialstudies.org/advocacy/how-legislators-make-decisions
Urahn, S.K. (2012). The Cost Benefit Imperative. Retrieved from /orders/www.governing.com/columns/mgmt-insights/col-cost-benefit-outcomes-states-results-first.html
Student 2 (S,J)
Professor I disagree with they idea that the number one job of a legislator is to be reelected. Legislators are members of the legislative branch of government and should be tasked with serving the people by proposing bills having votes and passing laws that are in the interest of the people and the democracy. The reality of this scenario however, is not what actually occurs in Congress. There are a number of interest groups and private and cooporate entities and individuals that influence these legislators and influence the laws that they propose. Unfortunately, the topic of health care falls is treated similarly by legislators. Health care is a polarizing topic in America, while most may agree that health care should b e universally accessible determining how to fund it is where the quagmire  begins. Additionally, presidential elections and local elections are often seen by legislators as mandates by the people to get their agenda completed. This however is not often the case. Under President Obama there was the passage of the Affordable Care Act, “which permits young adults up to age 26 to enroll as dependents on a parent’s private health care insurance and additionally made insurance companies have to cover individuals with existing underlying conditions”(Cantor, Monheit, DeLia Lloyd, 2012). Under the current administration there is a similar belief that they also have a mandate by the people to repeal the Affordable Care Act, their efforts to do so have been tied up in the courts and has put them out of touch with reality also because they are still trying to repeal the law during a pandemic when there are millions of people who desperately need health care due to preexisting conditions and also the threat of the virus.
Additionally, it should be noted that it was documented that an “estimated 30 million Americans are expected to gain health insurance through the
Affordable Care Act (ACA), and a healthy and sizable workforce will be needed to meet the increased demand”(Anderson, 2014) It should be noted that when policy works the way it was intended to the people and the country benefit as can be seen in the aforementioned statistics. However when self interest groups have control over politicians , these groups and their political interest alone benefit
 
Learning Resources
Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.
Required Readings
Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Chapter 3, “Government Response: Legislation” (pp. 37–56)
Chapter 10, “Overview: The Economics and Finance of Health Care” (pp. 180–183 only)
Congress.gov. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2018, from /orders/www.congress.gov/
Taylor, D., Olshansky, E., Fugate-Woods, N., Johnson-Mallard, V., Safriet, B. J., & Hagan, T. (2017). Corrigendum to position statement: Political interference in sexual and reproductive health research and health professional education. Nursing Outlook, 65(2), 346–350. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2017.05.003
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
United States House of Representatives. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2018, from /orders/www.house.gov/
United States Senate. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2018, from /orders/www.senate.gov/
United States Senate. (n.d.). Senate organization chart for the 115th Congress. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from /orders/www.senate.gov/reference/org_chart.htm
Videos Provided by the University
Laureate Education (Producer). (2018). Working with Legislators [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Laureate Education (Producer). (2018). Introduction to Health Policy and Law with Joel Teitelbaum [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Laureate Education (Producer). (2018). Contemporary Issues in Public Health Policy with Joel Teitelbaum [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Laureate Education (Producer). (2018). Peter Beilenson: Population Health [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Discussion Grading Rubric
Excellent Good Fair Poor
Main Posting 45 (45%) – 50 (50%)
Answers all parts of the discussion question(s) expectations with reflective critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module and current credible sources.
Supported by at least three current, credible sources.
Written clearly and concisely with no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style.
Main Post: Timeliness 10 (10%) – 10 (10%)
Posts main post by day
3.

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NURS 6050 Walden Wk 5 Professional Nursing & State Level Regulations PPT

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To Prepare:

• Review the Resources and reflect on the mission of state/regional boards of nursing as the protection of the public through the regulation of nursing practice.
• Consider how key regulations may impact nursing practice.
• Review key regulations for nursing practice of your state’s/region’s board of nursing and those of at least one other state/region and select at least two APRN regulations to focus on for this Discussion
• Post a comparison of at least two APRN board of nursing regulations in your state/region with those of at least one other state/region. Describe how they may differ. Be specific and provide examples. Then, explain how the regulations you selected may apply to Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) who have legal authority to practice within the full scope of their education and experience. Provide at least one example of how APRNs may adhere to the two regulations you selected. The Assignment: (8- to 9-slide PowerPoint presentation) Develop an 8- to 9-slide PowerPoint Presentation that addresses the following:
  • Describe the differences between a board of nursing and a professional nurse association.
  • Describe the board for your specific region/area.
    • Who is on the board?
    • How does one become a member of the board?
  • Describe at least one state regulation related to general nurse scope of practice.
    • How does this regulation influence the nurse’s role?
    • How does this regulation influence delivery, cost, and access to healthcare?
  • Describe at least one state regulation related to Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs).
    • How does this regulation influence the nurse’s role?
    • How does this regulation influence delivery, cost, and access to healthcare?
  • Include Speaker Notes on Each Slide (except on the title page and reference page)

Discussion – Week 5  – 6050

Professional Nursing and State-Level Regulations

Boards of Nursing (BONs) exist in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands. Similar entities may also exist for different regions. The mission of BONs is the protection of the public through the regulation of nursing practice. BONs put into practice state/region regulations for nurses that, among other things, lay out the requirements for licensure and define the scope of nursing practice in that state/region.

It can be a valuable exercise to compare regulations among various state/regional boards of nursing. Doing so can help share insights that could be useful should there be future changes in a state/region. In addition, nurses may find the need to be licensed in multiple states or regions.

To Prepare:

• Review the Resources and reflect on the mission of state/regional boards of nursing as the protection of the public through the regulation of nursing practice.
• Consider how key regulations may impact nursing practice.
• Review key regulations for nursing practice of your state’s/region’s board of nursing and those of at least one other state/region and select at least two APRN regulations to focus on for this Discussion

By Day 3 of Week 5

Post a comparison of at least two APRN board of nursing regulations in your state/region with those of at least one other state/region. Describe how they may differ. Be specific and provide examples. Then, explain how the regulations you selected may apply to Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) who have legal authority to practice within the full scope of their education and experience. Provide at least one example of how APRNs may adhere to the two regulations you selected.

By Day 6 of Week 5

Respond to at least two of your colleagues* on two different days and explain how the regulatory environment and the regulations selected by your colleague differ from your state/region. Be specific and provide examples.

Click on the Reply button below to reveal the textbox for entering your message. Then click on the Submit button to post your message.

*Note: Throughout this program, your fellow students are referred to as colleagues.

Assignment: Regulation for Nursing Practice Staff Development Meeting

Nursing is a very highly regulated profession. There are over 100 boards of nursing and national nursing associations throughout the United States and its territories. Their existence helps regulate, inform, and promote the nursing profession. With such numbers, it can be difficult to distinguish between BONs and nursing associations, and overwhelming to consider various benefits and options offered by each.

Both boards of nursing and national nursing associations have significant impacts on the nurse practitioner profession and scope of practice. Understanding these differences helps lend credence to your expertise as a professional. In this Assignment, you will practice the application of such expertise by communicating a comparison of boards of nursing and professional nurse associations. You will also share an analysis of your state board of nursing.

To Prepare:

• Assume that you are leading a staff development meeting on regulation for nursing practice at your healthcare organization or agency.
• Review the NCSBN and ANA websites to prepare for your presentation.

The Assignment: (8- to 9-slide PowerPoint presentation)

Develop an 8- to 9-slide PowerPoint Presentation that addresses the following:

• Describe the differences between a board of nursing and a professional nurse association.
• Describe the board for your specific region/area.
  • Who is on the board?
  • How does one become a member of the board?
• Describe at least one state regulation related to general nurse scope of practice.
  • How does this regulation influence the nurse’s role?
  • How does this regulation influence delivery, cost, and access to healthcare?
• Describe at least one state regulation related to Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs).
  • How does this regulation influence the nurse’s role?
  • How does this regulation influence delivery, cost, and access to healthcare?
• Include Speaker Notes on Each Slide (except on the title page and reference page)

Bottom of Form

NURS 6050 week 5 Discussion; Professional Nursing and State-Level Regulations

Each state has different regulations, titles, scopes of practice, and regulatory standards (Milstead & Short, 2019, pp. 65) yet they have similar standards for education requirements. As a registered nurse and future advanced practicing registered nurse (APRN) in the state of Michigan, Nurse Practitioners are not recognized as a primary care provider as an individual (NCSLSOP, n.d.).  This means as an APRN I would require a Physician to overlook or delegate ‘tasks’ to maintain care for patients in the state of Michigan. That being stated, Michigan APRNs may prescribe nonscheduled drugs without a delegated physician (NCSLSOP, n.d.), but can prescribe schedules II-V controlled substances if a physician where to delegate the task to an APRN (NCSLSOP, n.d.). Schedules II-V controlled substances would include but not limited to Dilaudid, Methadone, Ketamine, Xanax, Ativan, Phenergan with Codeine, and more (Diversion Control Division, 2021) NURS 6050 week 5 Discussion: Professional Nursing and State-Level Regulations.

Comparing Michigan, a single licensure state, to a state included in the Nurse Licensure Compact (NCL) is slightly different for APRNS. Arizona for an example allows APRNs to practice independently without the licensure of a physician compared to Michigan and they are recognized as primary care providers (NCSLSOP, n.d.). That being said, APRNs must work within the guideline and regulations of the state board of nursing, BON, (Milstead & Short, 2019) and they must practice within their scope as well as population focus (NCSLSOP, n.d.). As an RN we are licensed and regulated by our BON and must continuously monitor for changes to verify that we are adhering our care within our scope of practice, especially if one is a travel nurse or if you have recently moved to a different state since state specific practices can vary (Milstead & Short, 2019). To adhere to the regulations as an APRN one should research the states BON for their regulations as well as monitoring the jobs you apply for as an APRN. Some states, such as Arizona, allows APRNs to work without a delegating physician as I stated earlier, but that APRN has to apply for positions within their population focus, such as a Psychiatric mental health NP should not apply for a Pediatric primary care position in Arizona. Although, Arizona allows APRNs to work within their full scope of their education and experience, does not mean every state allows that and research should be done to validate proper and safe care is provided for communities. With the proper education and training, APRNs should be able to work within their scope and practice, as long as the care they are providing are within the guidelines of their BON or delegated from their overseeing Physician NURS 6050 week 5 Discussion: Professional Nursing and State-Level Regulations.

References

Diversion Control Division. (2021, March). Scheduling actions controlled substances regulated chemicals. U.S. Department of Justice. /orders/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/orangebook/orangebook.pdf

Milstead, J. A., & Short, N.M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6^th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning.

Milstead, J. A., & Short, N.M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6^th ed., pp 57-84). Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning.

NCSLSOP. (n.d.). Nurse Practitioners. Scope of practice policy. Retrieved March 30, 2021, from /orders/scopeofpracticepolicy.org/practitioners/nurse-practitioners/?fbclid=IwAR0xWHuSPdq8iCfp0dAnEfL-tXd6M0vdq6MY9_Aunw54FsUC5fcXW_a1g3A NURS 6050 week 5 Discussion: Professional Nursing and State-Level Regulations

response

I was surprised to learn from your post that Michigan remains a single licensure state, so I looked around and found on the Michigan Health and Hospital Association (2020) that the Michigan House Bill 4042 passed both chambers but was vetoed by the governor December 30^th. Representative Mary Whiteford did reintroduce the legislation as HB 4046 for the 2021-2022 legislative session and hopefully it will pass and continue all the way through.

It is important to note that the Enhanced Nursing Licensure Compact (eNLC) was implemented in 2018 to include new standards like state and federal fingerprint based criminal background checks that the original Nursing Licensure Compact (NLC) did not have (Gaines, 2021). The eNLC will allow practitioners who travel to practice in multiple states without delay, and this is especially important when examining the current pandemic and the increased importance of advanced practice registered nurses. There are continued concerns that do need to be addressed in the eNLC as it moves forward like how to properly discipline, loss of state revenue, and how to work with the increase need for telehealth NURS 6050 week 5 Discussion: Professional Nursing and State-Level Regulations.

References

Gaines, K. (2021, March 7). Compact nursing states list 2021. Nurse. Retrieved from /orders/nurse.org/articles/enhanced-compact-multi-state-license-eNLC/

Michigan Health and Hospital Association. (2020). Nurse Licensure Compact passes the house. Retrieved from /orders/mha.org/Newsroom/ID/2351/Nurse-Licensure-Compact-Passes-the-House

Discussion: Professional Nursing and State-Level Regulations

By Day 3 of Week 5

Post a comparison of at least two APRN board of nursing regulations in your state/region with those of at least one other state/region. Describe how they may differ. Be specific and provide examples. Then, explain how the regulations you selected may apply to Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) who have legal authority to practice within the full scope of their education and experience. Provide at least one example of how APRNs may adhere to the two regulations you selected.

By Day 6 of Week 5

Respond to at least two of your colleagues* on two different days and explain how the regulatory environment and the regulations selected by your colleague differ from your state/region. Be specific and provide examples NURS 6050 week 5 Discussion: Professional Nursing and State-Level Regulations.

Professional Nursing and State-Level Regulations

Throughout the years, the evolution of Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRN) has been inconsistent due to the U.S. Constitution giving states the right to establish laws governing professions and occupations. Thus, each state has unique titles, scopes of practice, and regulatory standards (Milstead & Short, 2019). According to the American Nurses Association (ANA) (n.d.), “APRN practice is typically defined by the Nurse Practice Act and governed by the Board of Nursing, but other laws and regulations may impact practice, and other boards may play a role”. APRNs who have legal authority to practice within the full scope of their education and experience, the state permits those NPs to evaluate patients; initiate and manage treatments; diagnose, order, and interpret diagnostic tests; and prescribe medications and controlled substances (State Practice Environment, 2021).

Currently in my state of practice, Virginia, a Nurse Practitioner (NP) with a current license may qualify for autonomous practice after the completion of having five years of full-time clinical experience, a total of 9,000 hours, under a patient care team physician. An NP that has been authorized to practice autonomously can only practice within the scope of the NP’s clinical and professional training and limits of the NP’s knowledge and experience, consult and collaborate with other health care providers based on a patient’s clinical condition, and establish a plan for referral of complex medical cases and emergencies to other health care providers. Another regulation that Virginia has is that unless an NP has been authorized for autonomous practice, the NP may only prescribe Schedule II-VI drugs after meeting certain criteria, having authorization from the Boards of Nursing and Medicine, and obtaining registration from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). An example of one of these criteria includes having authorization to prescribe medications through a practice agreement with a collaborating physician (Laws and Regulations, 2018).

In the state of North Carolina, NPs are not allowed to practice autonomously at any given time and must have a collaborative practice agreement with a primary supervising physician. For an NP to prescribe medications in North Carolina, the NP has to have authorization by the physician approved by the boards as the NP’s supervisor and the supervising physician has stated the drugs that the NP may prescribe in the collaborative practice agreement. In order to prescribe controlled substances, the NP must have an assigned DEA number that is entered on each prescription. This is similar to the regulation stated by Virginia; however, in North Carolina, NPs can prescribe Schedule II-IV drugs with the additional ability to prescribe Schedule V drugs. (Nurse Practitioner Laws & Rules: North Carolina Board of Nursing, 2021) NURS 6050 week 5 Discussion: Professional Nursing and State-Level Regulations.

References

APRN state law and regulation. American Nurses Association. (n.d.).

/orders/www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/advocacy/state/aprn-state-law-and-

regulation/

Laws and regulations. Virginia Board of Nursing. (2018, July 6).

http://www.dhp.virginia.gov/Boards/Nursing/PractitionerResources/LawsRegulations/

Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6^th ed.).

Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Nurse practitioner laws & rules: North carolina board of nursing. North Carolina Board of

Nursing. (2021).

/orders/www.ncbon.com/practice-nurse-practitioner-nurse-practitioner-laws-rules

State practice environment. American Association of Nurse Practitioners. (2021, January 1).

/orders/www.aanp.org/advocacy/state/state-practice-environment NURS 6050 week 5 Discussion: Professional Nursing and State-Level Regulations

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Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, including a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words. Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source. One or two-sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words. I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.

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Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately. In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies. Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work). Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.

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NURS 6050 Mod 4 Healthcare Program Design & Implementation Paper

NURS 6050 Mod 4 Healthcare Program Design & Implementation Paper

1.- Identify a recently proposed health policy and share your analysis of the evidence in support of this policy.

• Review the Congress website provided in the Resources and identify one recent (within the past 5 years) proposed health policy.
• Review the health policy you identified and reflect on the background and development of this health policy.
• Post a description of the health policy you selected and a brief background for the problem or issue being addressed.
• Explain whether you believe there is an evidence base to support the proposed policy and explain why. Be specific and provide examples.

2.- Word cloud generators have become popular tools for meetings and team-building events. Groups or teams are asked to use these applications to input words they feel best describe their team or their role. A “word cloud” is generated by the application that makes prominent the most-used terms, offering an image of the common thinking among participants of that role.
What types of words would you use to build a nursing word cloud?
Empathetic, organized, hard-working, or advocate would all certainly apply.
Would you add policy-maker to your list?
Do you think it would be a very prominent component of the word cloud?
Nursing has become one of the largest professions in the world, and as such, nurses have the potential to influence policy and politics on a global scale.
3.- The Role of the RN/APRN in Policy-Making

• Revisit the Congress.gov website provided in the Resources and consider the role of RNs and APRNs in policy-making.
• Reflect on potential opportunities that may exist for RNs and APRNs to participate in the policy-making process
• Post an explanation of at least two opportunities that exist for RNs and APRNs to actively participate in policy-making.
• Explain some of the challenges that these opportunities may present and describe how you might overcome these challenges.
• Finally, recommend two strategies you might make to better advocate for or communicate the existence of these opportunities to participate in policy-making.
• Be specific and provide examples

6050 – Module 4: Healthcare Program Design and Implementation (Weeks 7-8)

1: Evidence Base in Design

When politics and medical science intersect, there can be much debate. Sometimes anecdotes or hearsay are misused as evidence to support a particular point. Despite these and other challenges, however, evidence-based approaches are increasingly used to inform health policy decision-making regarding causes of disease, intervention strategies, and issues impacting society.
One example is the introduction of childhood vaccinations and the use of evidence-based arguments surrounding their safety.
In this Discussion, you will identify a recently proposed health policy and share your analysis of the evidence in support of this policy.
To Prepare:
Review the Congress website provided in the Resources and identify one recent (within the past 5 years) proposed health policy.
Review the health policy you identified and reflect on the background and development of this health policy.
Post a description of the health policy you selected and a brief background for the problem or issue being addressed.
Explain whether you believe there is an evidence base to support the proposed policy and explain why. Be specific and provide examples.

2: The Role of the RN/APRN in Policy-Making

Word cloud generators have become popular tools for meetings and team-building events. Groups or teams are asked to use these applications to input words they feel best describe their team or their role. A “word cloud” is generated by the application that makes prominent the most-used terms, offering an image of the common thinking among participants of that role.
What types of words would you use to build a nursing word cloud?
Empathetic, organized, hard-working, or advocate would all certainly apply.
Would you add policy-maker to your list?
Do you think it would be a very prominent component of the word cloud?
Nursing has become one of the largest professions in the world, and as such, nurses have the potential to influence policy and politics on a global scale.
When nurses influence the politics that improve the delivery of healthcare, they are ultimately advocating for their patients. Hence, policy-making has become an increasingly popular term among nurses as they recognize a moral and professional obligation to be engaged in healthcare legislation.
To Prepare:
Revisit the Congress.gov website provided in the Resources and consider the role of RNs and APRNs in policy-making.
Reflect on potential opportunities that may exist for RNs and APRNs to participate in the policy-making process
Post an explanation of at least two opportunities that exist for RNs and APRNs to actively participate in policy-making.
Explain some of the challenges that these opportunities may present and describe how you might overcome these challenges.
Finally, recommend two strategies you might make to better advocate for or communicate the existence of these opportunities to participate in policy-making.
Be specific and provide examples.

Regulation for Nursing Practice

Nursing is a very highly regulated profession. There are over 100 boards of nursing and national nursing associations throughout the United States and its territories. Their existence helps regulate, inform, and promote the nursing profession. With such numbers, it can be difficult to distinguish between BONs and nursing associations, and overwhelming to consider various benefits and options offered by each.
Both boards of nursing and national nursing associations have significant impacts on the nurse practitioner profession and scope of practice. Understanding these differences helps lend credence to your expertise as a professional. In this Assignment, you will practice the application of such expertise by communicating a comparison of boards of nursing and professional nurse associations. You will also share an analysis of your state board of nursing.
To Prepare:
Assume that you are leading a staff development meeting on regulation for nursing practice at your healthcare organization or agency.
Review the NCSBN and ANA websites to prepare for your presentation.
The Assignment: (8- to 9-slide PowerPoint presentation)
Develop a 8- to 9-slide PowerPoint Presentation that addresses the following:
Describe the differences between a board of nursing and a professional nurse association.
Describe the board for your specific region/area.
Who is on the board?
How does one become a member of the board?
Describe at least one state regulation related to general nurse scope of practice.
How does this regulation influence the nurse’s role?
How does this regulation influence delivery, cost, and access to healthcare?
Describe at least one state regulation related to Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs).
How does this regulation influence the nurse’s role?
How does this regulation influence delivery, cost, and access to healthcare?
Include Speaker Notes on Each Slide (except on the title page and reference page)
By Day 7 of Week 6
Submit your Regulation for Nursing Practice Staff Development Meeting Presentation.
YOU MUST READ THE RUBRIC DATAIL!!!!! PLEASE.
 
Rubric Detail
Select Grid View or List View to change the rubric’s layout.
Name: NURS_6050_Module03_Week06_Assignment_Rubric
Grid View
List View
Excellent Fair Poor
Boards of Nursing vs. Professional Nurse Associations
Develop a 8- to 9-slide PowerPoint presentation that addresses the following:
·  Describe the differences between a board of nursing and a professional nurse association.
·  Describe the members of the board for your specific region/area.
·   Who is on the board?
·  How does one become a member of the board?
·  Speaker notes are included on every slide and are used to explain and elaborate the significant points on each slide. 23 (23%) – 25 (25%)
The response accurately and thoroughly describes the differences between a board of nursing and a professional nurse association.
Response provides a complete and accurate description of who is on a board of nursing, detailing geographic distribution, academic credentials, practice positions, and licensure status.
The response provides a detailed and thorough explanation of how one becomes a member of the board of nursing.
Presentation includes speaker notes that explain and elaborate the points of the presentation. 18 (18%) – 19 (19%)
Description of the differences between a board of nursing and a professional nurse association is inaccurate or incomplete.
Description of who is on a board of nursing is incomplete or inaccurate in detailing geographic distribution, academic credentials, practice positions, and licensure status.
Explanation of how one becomes a member of the board of nursing is vague or inaccurate.
Presentation includes speaker notes that are incomplete or lack appropriate explanation. 0 (0%) – 17 (17%)
Description of the differences between a board of nursing and a professional nurse associations is inaccurate and incomplete, or is missing.
Description of who is on a board of nursing detailing geographic distribution, academic credentials, practice positions, and licensure status is inaccurate and incomplete, or is missing.
Explanation of how one becomes a member of the board is vague and inaccurate, or is missing.
Speaker notes are incomplete or missing altogether.
The Impact of State Regulation on Nurse Practice
Describe at least one state regulation related to general nurse scope of practice.
·  How does this regulation influence the nurse’s role?
·  How does this regulation influence delivery, cost, and access to healthcare?
·  Has there been any change to the regulation within the past 5 years? Explain.
·  Speaker notes are included on every slide and are used to explain and elaborate the significant points on each slide. 27 (27%) – 30 (30%)
Response includes a complete and accurate description that fully details how one or more state regulations are related to general nurse scope of practice.
Response clearly and accurately explains in detail how the regulation(s) influences the nurse’s role.
Response clearly and accurately explains in detail how the regulation(s) influences delivery, cost, and access to healthcare.
Presentation includes speaker notes that explain and elaborate the points of the presentation. 21 (21%) – 23 (23%)
Description of one or more state regulations that are related to general nurse scope of practice is incomplete or inaccurate. Explanation of how the regulation(s) influences the nurse’s role is vague or inaccurate.
Explanation of how the regulation(s) influences delivery, cost, and access to healthcare is vague or inaccurate.
Presentation includes speaker notes that are incomplete or lack appropriate explanation. 0 (0%) – 20 (20%)
Description of one or more state regulations related to general nurse scope of practice is vague and inaccurate, or is missing.
Explanation of how the regulation(s) influences the nurse’s role is vague and inaccurate, or is missing.
Explanation of how the regulation(s) influences delivery, cost, and access to healthcare is vague and inaccurate, or is missing.
Speaker notes are incomplete or missing altogether.
Describe at least one state regulation related to Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs).
·  How does this regulation influence the nurse’s role?
·  How does this regulation influence delivery, cost, and access to healthcare?
·  Speaker notes are included on every slide and are used to explain and elaborate the significant points on each slide. 27 (27%) – 30 (30%)
Response includes a complete and accurate description that fully details how one or more state regulations are related to Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs).
Response clearly and accurately explains in detail how the regulation(s) influences the nurse’s role.
Response clearly and accurately explains in detail how the regulation(s) influences delivery, cost, and access to healthcare.
Presentation includes speaker notes that explain and elaborate the points of the presentation. . 21 (21%) – 23 (23%)
Description of one or more state regulations that are related to Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) is incomplete or inaccurate.
Explanation of how the regulation(s) influences the nurse’s role is vague or inaccurate.
Explanation of how the regulation(s) influences delivery, cost, and access to healthcare is vague or inaccurate.
Presentation includes speaker notes that are incomplete or lack appropriate explanation. 0 (0%) – 20 (20%)
Description of one or more state regulations related to Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) is vague and inaccurate, or is missing.
Explanation of how the regulation(s) influences the nurse’s role is vague and inaccurate, or is missing.
Explanation of how the regulation(s) influences delivery, cost, and access to healthcare is vague and inaccurate, or is missing. Speaker notes are incomplete or missing altogether.
Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization:
Paragraphs make clear points that support well developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused–neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction is provided which delineates all required criteria. 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity.
A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion is provided which delineates all required criteria. . 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%- 79% of the time.
Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment is vague or off topic. 0 (0%) – 3 (3%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time.
No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion was provided.
Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards:
Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors. 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%)
Contains several (3-4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 0 (0%) – 3 (3%)
Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.
Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct APA format with no errors. 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%)
Contains several (3-4) APA format errors. 0 (0%) – 3 (3%)
Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.
Total Points: 100
Name: NURS_6050_Module03_Week06_Assignment_Rubric
At least 5 Learning Resources
Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.
Required Readings
Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Chapter 4, “Government Response: Regulation” (pp. 57–84)
American Nurses Association. (n.d.). ANA enterprise. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from http://www.nursingworld.org
Bosse, J., Simmonds, K., Hanson, C., Pulcini, J., Dunphy, L., Vanhook, P., & Poghosyan, L. (2017). Position statement: Full practice authority for advanced practice registered nurses is necessary to transform primary care. Nursing Outlook, 65(6), 761–765. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2017.10.002
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
Halm, M. A. (2018). Evaluating the impact of EBP education: Development of a modified Fresno test for acute care nursing. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 15(4), 272–280. doi:10.1111/wvn.12291
National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN). (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2018, from /orders/www.ncsbn.org/index.htm
Neff, D. F., Yoon, S. H., Steiner, R. L., Bumbach, M. D., Everhart, D., & Harman J. S. (2018). The impact of nurse practitioner regulations on population access to care. Nursing Outlook, 66(4), 379–385. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2018.03.001
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
Peterson, C., Adams, S. A., & DeMuro, P. R. (2015). mHealth: Don’t forget all the stakeholders in the business case. Medicine 2.0, 4(2), e4. doi:10.2196/med20.4349
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
Required Media
Laureate Education (Producer). (2018). The Regulatory Process [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

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NURS 6050 Week 7 Achieving Universal Health Coverage Discussion

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Module 4: Healthcare Program Design and Implementation (Weeks 7-8)

Learning Objectives

Students will:

• Analyze health policies
• Analyze opportunities for RNs and APRNs to participate in policy-making
• Analyze strategies for overcoming challenges for participating in policy-making
• Recommend strategies to improve the advocacy and communication of policy-making opportunities
• Analyze healthcare programs
• Analyze the role of the nurse in healthcare program design
• Analyze the role of the nurse as advocates for target populations of healthcare programs
• Analyze the role of the nurse in healthcare program implementation
• Analyze healthcare teams necessary for implementing healthcare programs

Instructions starts here for Discussion 1: Evidence Base in Design

When politics and medical science intersect, there can be much debate. Sometimes anecdotes or hearsay are misused as evidence to support a particular point. Despite these and other challenges, however, evidence-based approaches are increasingly used to inform health policy decision-making regarding causes of disease, intervention strategies, and issues impacting society. One example is the introduction of childhood vaccinations and the use of evidence-based arguments surrounding their safety.

In this Discussion, you will identify a recently proposed health policy and share your analysis of the evidence in support of this policy.

To Prepare:

• Review the Congress website provided in the Resources and identify one recent (within the past 5 years) proposed health policy.
• Review the health policy you identified and reflect on the background and development of this health policy.

By Day 3 of Week 7

Post a description of the health policy you selected and a brief background for the problem or issue being addressed. Explain whether you believe there is an evidence base to support the proposed policy and explain why. Be specific and provide examples. Supported by at least three current, credible sources. See next page for the References (Resources)

Learning Resources

Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.

Required Readings

Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

• Chapter 5, “Public Policy Design” (pp. 87–95 only)
• Chapter 8, “The Impact of EHRs, Big Data, and Evidence-Informed Practice” (pp. 137–146)
• Chapter 9, “Interprofessional Practice” (pp. 152–160 only)
• Chapter 10, “Overview: The Economics and Finance of Health Care” (pp. 183–191 only)

American Nurses Association (ANA). (n.d.). Advocacy. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from /orders/www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/advocacy/

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (n.d.). Step by step: Evaluating violence and injury prevention policies: Brief 4: Evaluating policy implementation. Retrieved from /orders/www.cdc.gov/injury/pdfs/policy/Brief%204-a.pdf

Congress.gov. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2018, from /orders/www.congress.gov/

Klein, K. J., & Sorra, J. S. (1996). The challenge of innovation implementation. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1055–1080. doi:10.5465/AMR.1996.9704071863

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Sacristán, J., & Dilla, T. D. (2015). No big data without small data: Learning health care systems begin and end with the individual patient. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 21(6), 1014–1017. doi:10.1111/jep.12350

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Tummers, L., & Bekkers, V. (2014). Policy implementation, street level bureaucracy, and the importance of discretion. Public Management Review, 16(4), 527–547. doi:10.1080/14719037.2013.841978.

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Module 4: Healthcare Program Design and Implementation

NURS 6050 Week 7 Achieving Universal Health Coverage Discussion EXAMPLE DISCUSSION

Mental Health Access 

Mental health access through the emergency department is a problem throughout the United States. Many people with acute mental health issues seek care through the emergency department simply because they have no other options for immediate help. The proposed bill H.R. 2519, addresses the problem of EDs not having enough resources to manage and treat patients with acute mental health episodes affectively. This bill would provide funding to aid in additional inpatient psychiatric beds, crisis clinics, and emergency psychiatric units for mental health patients with an acute episode. (Actions – H.R.2519 – 116th Congress (2019-2020): Improving Mental Health Access from the Emergency Department Act of 2020, n.d.). The issue remains that people come into the ED for suicidal or homicidal ideation, and we have no inpatient psych beds available to get them the help they desperately need. I have personally witnessed having to hold a suicidal patient in the ED for over 24 hours until either a bed becomes available, or released back on the street, only because we do not have the resources necessary to accommodate them. 

I believe there is significant evidence to support this policy and the need for increased resources for mental health patients. Acute mental health patients are seeking emergency care at an alarming rate. One in eight patients in the emergency department seeks help for acute mental health issues or substance abuse. (Laderman et al., 2018). This number continues to grow despite the lack of resources emergency departments have to hand out. Lack of resources for these patients also results in increased wait times and delays in emergency care that they need. Mental health patients simply do not get the treatment they require by sitting in the emergency department for hours or even days. (PR Newswire, 2017). Acute mental health issues are a growing concern in emergency departments across the U.S., and something needs to be done. 

References

Actions – h.r.2519 – 116th congress (2019-2020): Improving mental health access from the emergency department act of 2020. (n.d.). Congress.gov. Retrieved October 12, 2020, from /orders/www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2519/actions

Laderman, M., Dasgupta, A., Henderson, R., & Waghray, A. (2018, January 26). Tackling the mental health crisis in emergency departments: Look upstream for solutions. healthaffairs.org. Retrieved October 12, 2020, from /orders/www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20180123.22248/full/

PR Newswire. (2017). Waits for care and hospital beds growing dramatically for psychiatric emergency patients. PR Newswire US.

TUTOR CHECK GRADING RUBRIC DETAIL

NURS 6050 week 7 Discussion 1: Evidence Base in Design

The health policy that I have chosen for this week’s discussion is H.R. 4550 (Congres.gov, n.d.). It amends the Public Health Service Act to provide grants for the treatment of minorities with diabetes. The bill was introduced on September 27, 2019, and currently resides in the Committee on Energy and Commerce. The treatments that will be covered for diabetic minorities include routine care, diabetes prevention and control, eye care, foot care, and treatment for other complications of diabetes (Congress.gov, n.d.). The bill also mentions that treatment considerations for language barriers and culture.

Many studies show minorities are more likely to be diagnosed with diabetes than their non-Hispanic white counterparts. According to Joo and Liu (2019), 7.4% of non-Hispanic whites are diagnosed with diabetes, 12.1% of Hispanics are diagnosed with diabetes, and 12.7% of African Americans are diagnosed with diabetes. There must be either availability of services or resources for minorities with diabetes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is funding ten national organizations to start in-person visits to people with diabetes in underserved areas (CDC, n.d.). Millions of minorities require diabetic preventative care and treatment NURS 6050 week 7 Discussion 1: Evidence Base in Design.

One study by Rodriguez and Campbell (2017) showed that there is also a disparity between minorities and non-Hispanic whites in testing medications to treat diabetes. Some of the medicines that treat diabetes have different reactions to some ethnic groups. Some examples are Sulfonylureas cause arterial stiffness in African Americans; Metformin lowers hemoglobin A1C in African Americans more than non-Hispanic whites; and Sitagliptin dropped Asian Americans hemoglobin A1C by 1% but was not tested on African Americans (Rodriguez and Campbell, 2017). The disparity between treatment and prevention of diabetes in minorities would benefit from the H.R. 4550 Minorities Diabetes Act.

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (n.d.). National diabetes prevention program. /orders/www.cdc.gov/diabetes/disparities.html

Congress.gov (n.d.). H.R. 4550  Minority Diabetes Initiative Act. /orders/www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/4550/all-actions?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%22diabetes%22%7D&r=20&overview=closed&s=3#tabs

Joo, J.Y. & Liu, M.F. (2019). Experience of culturally-tailored diabetes interventions for ethnic minorities: A qualitative systematic review. Clinical Nursing Research, 30(3), 253-262. /orders/doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1177%2F1054773819885952

Rodriguez, J. E. & Campbell, K.M. (2017). Racial and ethnic disparities in prevalence and care of patients with type 2 diabetes. Clinical Diabetes Journal, 35(1), 66-70. /orders/doi.org/10.2337/cd15-0048

response

Diabetes has been a hot topic within health care as of recent especially with the more sedentary lifestyles, working from home, and extensive time sitting in front of computers. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, (2020) reported that there was increased number of new diagnoses of type 1 diabetes among racial/ethnic minority groups in children/teen populations. With younger generations being diagnosed with diabetes there will be an influx of future health related issues due to being a diabetic long- term issues such as: podiatry needs, poor healing, nerve damage, heart disease and more (Pietrangelo, 2020) NURS 6050 week 7 Discussion 1: Evidence Base in Design.

The health policy H.R. 4550 – Minority Diabetes Initiative Act (Congress, n.d.) would be healthful to public and nonprofit health care providers because it provides funding for diabetic diagnosis and health related issues from the disease in minority/ethnic groups. As you have stated many drugs have not been clinically trialed on ethnic/minority groups, which can create adverse reactions or may not work at all for these individuals’. Minorities/ethnic groups already struggle in today’s society, so creating another barrier for them to hurdle is unfair and unfortunate. I would agree that this Act is supported with evidence-based data and would be a great asset for this group of people. If we are able to treat and help manage this disease at an early stage, we could decrease the amount of future hospital required illnesses.

References

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Diabetes: Rates of new diagnosed cases of type 1 and type 2 diabetes continue to ruse among children, teens. Retrieved April 12, 2021, from /orders/www.cdc.gov/diabetes/research/reports/children-diabetes-rates-rise.html

Congress.gov (n.d.). H.R. 4550 – Minority Diabetes Initiative Act. /orders/www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/4550/all-actions?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%22diabetes%22%7D&r=20&overview=closed&s=3#tabs

Pietrangelo, A. (2020). The effects of diabetes on your body. Healthline. Retrieved April 12, 2021, from /orders/www.healthline.com/health/diabetes/effects-on-body

response 2

Thank you for your research into this topic. It was informative and enlightening. Your discussion about trialing medications on various ethnicities was an eye-opening for me, because it had not occurred to me that a specific diabetic medication would work in one population, but not another. This is especially concerning to me, because it makes me wonder what other medications have this similar effect.  Much of diabetes treatment is self-management and this can be difficult when there are several disparities among ethnicities in development and course of diabetes including behavioral, social, environmental and the healthcare system. Jones and Crowe (2017) found that many participants felt they were not given adequate support through the healthcare system or provided with adequate information relevant to their lifestyle and they also described having difficulty applying the diabetes education they had received to their daily life. One theme discussed that I found interesting was the idea of managing food from a cultural, social, and economical standpoint. These individuals come from backgrounds that cannot afford to make several different meals especially if they have a large family and healthy options tend be more expensive and therefore not affordable. The commitment to the family often makes self-management behaviors difficult. The generalized feelings brought up in this article are powerlessness, inevitability, and fatalism, which can make management even more difficult in minorities. Milstead & Short (2019) state that public uncertainty about personal coverage and methods of financing care are major issues and I hope the bill HR 4550 alleviates some of these issues that afflict minorities with diabetes NURS 6050 week 7 Discussion 1: Evidence Base in Design.

References

Jones, V. & Crowe, M. (2017, November). How people from ethnic minorities describe their experiences of managing type-2 diabetes mellitus: a qualitative meta-synthesis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 76(2017), 78-91. Doi: /orders/doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.08.016

Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning NURS 6050 week 7 Discussion 1: Evidence Base in Design.

Rubric Detail

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NURS_6050_Module04_Week07_Discussion_Rubric

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• Discussion Questions (DQ)

Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, including a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words. Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source. One or two-sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words. I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.

• Weekly Participation

Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately. In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies. Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work). Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.

• APA Format and Writing Quality

Familiarize yourself with the APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in Loud-cloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required). Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation. I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.

• Use of Direct Quotes

I discourage over-utilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Master’s level and deduct points accordingly. As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content. It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source.

• LopesWrite Policy

For assignments that need to be submitted to Lopes Write, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me. Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes. Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own? Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in Loud-cloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.

• Late Policy

The university’s policy on late assignments is a 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies. Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances. If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect. I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension. As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.

• Communication

Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me: Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class. Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.

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The Role of the RN/APRN in Policy-Making

Post (Discussion) an explanation of at least two opportunities that exist for RNs and APRNs to actively participate in policy-making. Explain some of the challenges that these opportunities may present and describe how you might overcome these challenges. Finally, recommend two strategies you might make to better advocate for or communicate the existence of these opportunities to participate in policy-making. Be specific and provide examples.

By Day X of Week X/nurs-6053-week-7-discussion-addressing-barriers-to-effective-communication/
Respond to at least two of your colleagues’* posts by suggesting additional opportunities or recommendations for overcoming the challenges described by your colleagues. Offer suggestions how nurses need to be involved as APRN, be specific as to what one can do as a member of various committees/groups to influence policy. Two references (sources) for each student respond. ONE to 1 1/2 paper long on each respond.
 
Rubric Detail for Grading.
Select Grid View or List View to change the rubric’s layout.
Name: NURS_6050_Module04_Week08_Respond to 2 colleagues_Rubric
 
First Response 17 (17%) – 18 (18%)
Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings.
Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.
Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed.
Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources.
Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives.
Response is effectively written in standard, edited English. 0 (0%) – 12 (12%)
Response may not be on topic and lacks depth.
Responses posted in the discussion lack effective professional communication.
Responses to faculty questions are missing.
No credible sources are cited.
Second Response 16 (16%) – 17 (17%)
Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings.
Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.
Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed.
Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources.
Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives.
Response is effectively written in standard, edited English. 0 (0%) – 11 (11%)
Response may not be on topic and lacks depth.
Responses posted in the discussion lack effective professional communication.
Responses to faculty questions are missing.
No credible sources are cited.
0 (0%) – 0 (0%) 0 (0%) – 0 (0%) 0 (0%) – 0 (0%)
Does not meet requirements for participation by posting on 3 different days.
Total Points: 100
Name: NURS_6050_Module04_Week08_Rubric
Respond to Student #1 SD’s discussion.
According to Milstead & Short (2019), “Policy is a consciously chosen course of action: a law, regulation, rule, procedure, administrative action, incentive, or voluntary practice of governments and other institutions” (p. 2). Because there are nearly 4 million nurses in the United States, it creates a potentially profound influence on policy (The Nursing Profession’s Potential Impact on Policy and Politics, 2016). Nurses have a broad understanding and appreciation of health needs and delivery due to their vast knowledge of clients’ needs, interaction with health care consumers, and provision of essential services (Nursing Advocacy, n.d.). Registered nurses (RNs) and advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) can actively participate in policymaking by joining a professional nursing organization or by writing their state representatives (The Nursing Profession’s Potential Impact on Policy and Politics, 2016), also known as lobbying. Professional associations expand a nurse’s perspective toward a broader view of health and professional issues (Milstead & Short, 2019, p. 8).
Challenges facing RNs and APRNs from actively participating in policymaking include reluctance to do more than take care of patients, have no time or interest in politics, feel ill-equipped, and lack of awareness of the legislative process (Health Care Policy: the Nurse’s Crucial Role, 2020).
To face these challenges, start by registering to vote at www.eac.gov, then looking up their state’s elected representatives in Congress and how they are being represented (Health Care Policy: the Nurse’s Crucial Role, 2020). Next, review the www.aacn.org website for a thorough explanation of the legislative process (How a Bill Becomes a Law, 2020). These options may spark an interest to allow the RN or APRN to establish contacts with legislators and agency directors to forge ongoing relationships with elected and appointed officials and their staff in hopes of gaining credibility (Milstead & Short, 2019, p. 11).
The following strategies are available to advocate for joining professional nursing organizations and lobbying: looking up healthcare bills on congress.gov to stay informed on healthcare nationwide and attending the local board of nursing meetings. These will keep an RN or APRN up to date on legislation. Next, promote professional nursing organizations that encourage nursing specialty areas (i.e., critical care, emergency nursing, etc.) and provide state representative contact information and a template of what correspondence should look like.
References
Health care policy: The nurse’s crucial role. (2020, January 21). American Academy of Ambulatory Care Nursing. Retrieved October 19, 2020, from /orders/www.aaacn.org/volunteer/teams/legislative/health-care-policy-nurses-crucial-role
How a bill becomes a law. (2020, January 21). American Academy of Ambulatory Care Nursing. Retrieved October 19, 2020, from /orders/www.aaacn.org/volunteer/teams/legislative/how-bill-becomes-law
Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Nursing advocacy. (n.d.). ANA. Retrieved October 19, 2020, from /orders/www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/advocacy/
The nursing profession’s potential impact on policy and politics. (2016, September 22). American Nurse. Retrieved October 19, 2020, from /orders/www.myamericannurse.com/nursing-professions-potential-impact-policy-politics/
Respond to Student #2 RD’s discussion.
During my undergraduate nursing education, I remember being taught how important it is that nurses get involved in policies regarding the nursing profession. However, I’ll admit that it wasn’t until this class that I really understood the magnitude of that.  In fact, I tend to stay away from politics all together out of the frustration.  This class has shed some light on the inner workings of policy in a way that I have begun to understand. According to Milstead & Short (2019), “To be effective in the process, RNs and APRNs must understand how the process works and at which points the greatest impact might be made” (p. 97).
I have learned that there are many ways that we, as nurses, can participate in policy making.  For example, I believe that all nurses should become involved in a professional organization.  As nurses, we know that advocacy is a big part of our job. The American Nurses Association (n.d.) states that “nurses instinctively advocate for their patients, in their workplaces, and in their communities; but legislative and political advocacy is no less important to advancing the profession and patient care” (para. 1). Professional nursing organizations play a big role in policy making by providing the tools, resources, and contacts to influence legislators. Currently, the American Association of Nurse Practitioners is pushing for adequate access to personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic (American Association of Nurse Practitioners [AANP], 2020).
Another way that nurses can participate in the policy making process to is actively lobby for changes. Milstead & Short (2019), define lobbying as “the act of influencing-the art of persuading-a governmental entity to achieve a specific legislative or regulatory outcome” (p. 45). For example, National Nurses United has been lobbying for safe patient ratio laws throughout the United States (National Nurses United, 2019).
It is important to note that nurses should be prepared to come across some challenges when participating in policy making. For example, the American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP) promotes more full-practice environment states to allow nurse practitioners (NPs) to practice to the full extent of their scope of practice (American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 2019).  However, they may face push-back from other professional organizations that represent physicians.  The American Academy of Family Physicians argues that NPs are not equally trained or educated to function as primary care providers (Martin, 2019).  Additionally, National Nurses United has faced opposition from hospitals that argue that ratios would cost too much money and reduce flexible staffing options. Nurses need to remain professional when facing such challenges. A great way to overcome these challenges is to provide the facts through evidence-based research.  For example, there is plenty of research to show that allowing NPs to serve as primary care providers increases access to healthcare and decreases cost. Furthermore, research proves that staffing ratios increase patient safety and nurse satisfaction which also lowers cost in the long run.
In addition to these opportunities there are many other strategies nurses can use to better advocate for policy changes. I suggest joining committees at work, writing letters to legislators, or even applying for a seat on your local board of nursing (BON).  Most hospitals have many committees nurses can join to voice their thoughts on policies and plans on a smaller scale. Writing a letter to a legislator can give nurses a voice on larger issues. For example, National Nurses United have a link on their website to send a letter regarding their view on ratios.  Lastly, when researching the North Carolina Board of Nursing, I found that the majority of their members are currently practicing nurses and that you can apply for a position on the board online with the nomination from another nurse.
References
American Association of Nurse Practitioners. (2019). Scope of practice for nurse practitioners. Retrieved September 27, 2020, from /orders/www.aanp.org/advocacy/advocacy-resource/position-statements/scope-of-practice-for-nurse-practitioners
American Association of Nurse Practitioners. (2020). Personal protective equipment. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from /orders/www.aanp.org/advocacy/advocacy-resource/position-statements/personal-protective-equipment
American Nurses Association. (n.d.). Nursing advocacy. ANA. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from /orders/www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/advocacy/
Martin, S. (2019, September 3). Not all clinicians are trained equally. American Academy of Family Physicians. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from /orders/www.aafp.org/news/blogs/inthetrenches/entry/20190903itt-differences.html
Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
National Nurses United. (2019, August 23). Rn-to-patient staffing ratios | national nurses united. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from /orders/www.nationalnursesunited.org/ratios
MY PERSONAL DISCUSSION
Florida is one of few states in the United States, where residents lack access to quality healthcare services because of some of its laws and regulations. It is one of those where the government is more concerned about political mandates than the health and wellbeing of the citizens despite the high shortage of clinicians and other healthcare workers to meet the needs of the population. In this regard, the state provides several opportunities for registered nurses (RNs) and advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) to fulfill their advocacy responsibilities and contribute to health promotion and disease prevention and management roles at the primary care level,
The significance of permitting RNs and APRNs to engage in the scope of nursing practice that reflects their depth and breadth of their education, training, and experience is one of the major policymaking opportunities for these practitioners in Florida. According to Kaplan (2016), this legislation is required to increase access to care for rural populations, increase patient’s access to alternative care services, and reduce the cost of healthcare services by the government. Another policymaking opportunity in Florida is RNs and APRNs’ support for laws for increasing the number of federally-funded substance abuse prevention programs and strengthening the health systems’ capacity to prevent mental disorders in the state. In this regard, such initiatives would permit relevant stakeholders to identify and implement initiatives that deliver effective and preventive mental and physical health programs to all residents of the state. In essence, APRNs and RNs can support the current efforts of Florida’s Board of Nursing and Florida Nursing Association to ensure the passage of legislation that allows them to practice to the full extent of their training and increased number of federally-funded mental health programs.
Meanwhile, registered nurses and their advanced practice counterparts must recognize some of the challenges that exist with active participation in policymaking. According to Kung and Rudner Lugo (2015), some of these challenges include limited resources, perception of the roles of nurses in healthcare, and lack of structures to support their involvement in the policy development process. Despite the pervasiveness of these challenges, RNs and APRNs can overcome them through the integration of their advocacy roles in their practice and education of the policymaking processes. Also, RNs and APRNs who are involved in nursing education and research activities to invest time and resources into policy development initiatives and use their experience to prepare future practitioners for the same engagement. Hence, nurses can overcome the challenges and barriers that exist in the different aspects of policymaking through their understanding of the procedures and facilitators and networking skills to liaise with relevant partners.
Finally, RNs and APRNs can increase their advocacy or improve their communication of the opportunities for their colleagues to participate in policymaking through various strategies. According to Shariff (2015), nurses can enhance their participation in policy development through their partnerships with relevant healthcare stakeholders and active engagement in their professional associations. It is a strategy that requires identifying and supporting initiatives that increase the media coverage of their issues that are shaping legislative activities in Florida. An example of this strategy is RNs and APRNs’ support for legislators and the election of public health officials who share their interests and position on the issue. Another effective strategy is for communicating this opportunity is a knowledge sharing in the workplace. In this regard, nurse practitioners can share the advocacy campaigns and call-to-action information from the Florida Nurses Association and other relevant ones with their colleagues via their organization’s news bulletin board. Finally, this communication and advocacy strategy can be executed through presentations during meetings and permission junior cadre nurses to campaign for relevant policies by nurse leaders.
References
Kaplan, L. (2016). Florida NPs advocate for controlled substance prescriptive authority. The Nurse Practitioner, 41(5), 14-16.
Kung, Y. M., & Rudner Lugo, N. (2015). Political advocacy and practice barriers: A survey of Florida APRNs. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 27(3), 145-151.
Shariff, N. J. (2015). Empowerment model for nurse leaders’ participation in health policy development: an east African perspective. BMC Nursing, 14(1), 31.
Learning Resources
Required Readings
Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Chapter 5, “Public Policy Design” (pp. 87–95 only)
Chapter 8, “The Impact of EHRs, Big Data, and Evidence-Informed Practice” (pp. 137–146)
Chapter 9, “Interprofessional Practice” (pp. 152–160 only)
Chapter 10, “Overview: The Economics and Finance of Health Care” (pp. 183–191 only)
American Nurses Association (ANA). (n.d.). Advocacy. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from /orders/www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/advocacy/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (n.d.). Step by step: Evaluating violence and injury prevention policies: Brief 4: Evaluating policy implementation. Retrieved from /orders/www.cdc.gov/injury/pdfs/policy/Brief%204-a.pdf
Congress.gov. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2018, from /orders/www.congress.gov/
Klein, K. J., & Sorra, J. S. (1996). The challenge of innovation implementation. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1055–1080. doi:10.5465/AMR.1996.9704071863
Sacristán, J., & Dilla, T. D. (2015). No big data without small data: Learning health care systems begin and end with the individual patient. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 21(6), 1014–1017.
Tummers, L., & Bekkers, V. (2014). Policy implementation, street level bureaucracy, and the importance of discretion. Public Management Review, 16(4), 527–547. doi:10.1080/14719037.2013.841978

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