The Research Process: Inferential Results – 7
Description
- Discuss the three general purposes for using statistical tests in a quantitative study and identify one statistical test from each group.
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Most important statistical tests Statistical test Description Fisher’s exact test Suitable for binary data in unpaired samples: The 2 × 2 table is used to compare treatment effects or the frequencies of side effects in two treatment groups Chi-square test Similar to Fisher’s exact test (albeit less precise). Can also compare more than two groups or more than two categories of the outcome variable. Preconditions: sample size ca. >60; expected number in each field 5 McNemar test Preconditions similar to those for Fisher’s exact test, but for paired samples Student’s t-test Test for continuous data. Investigates whether the expected values for two groups are the same, assuming that the data are normally distributed. The test can be used for paired or unpaired groups Analysis of variance Test preconditions as for the unpaired t-test, for comparison of more than two groups. The methods of analysis of variance are also used to compare more than two paired groups Wilcoxon’s rank sum test (also known as the unpaired Wilcoxon rank sum test or the Mann–Whitney U test) Test for ordinal or continuous data. In contrast to Student’s t-test, does not require the data to be normally distributed. This test too can be used for paired or unpaired data Kruskal–Wallis test Test preconditions as for the unpaired Wilcoxon rank sum test for comparing more than two groups Friedman test Comparison of more than two paired samples, at least ordinal scaled data Log rank test Test of survival time analysis to compare two or more independent groups Pearson correlation test Tests whether two continuous normally distributed variables exhibit linear correlation - Explain what probability means.
- What does p<.05 mean?
- If the p =.15, what statement would you expect to see in the conclusion section of the research report with regard to the research and statistical hypotheses?
- Briefly explain the value of using confidence intervals in study results. Support your answers with rationale from your text.
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