Dashboard Benchmark Evaluation

Review the performance dashboard for a health care organization, as well as relevant local, state, and federal laws and policies. Then, write a report for senior leaders in the organization that communicates your analysis and evaluation of the current state of organizational performance, including a recommended metric to target for improvement.

Maintaining standards and promoting quality in modern health care are crucial, not only for the care of patients, but also for the continuing success and financial viability of health care organizations. In the era of health care reform, health care leaders must understand what quality care entails and how quality in health care connects to the standards set by relevant federal, state, and local laws and policies. An understanding of relevant benchmarks that result from these laws and policies, and how they relate to quality care and regulatory standards, is also vitally important.

· Health care is a dynamic, complex, and heavily regulated industry. For this reason, you will be expected to constantly scan the external environment for emerging laws, new regulations, and changing industry standards. You may discover that as new policies are enacted into law, ambiguity in interpretation of various facets of the law may occur. Sometimes, new laws conflict with preexisting laws and regulations, or unexpected implementation issues arise, which may warrant further clarification from lawmakers. Adding partisan politics and social media to the mix can further complicate understanding of the process and buy-in from stakeholders.

How many health care laws can you name that affect your practice in your current or future workplace? How do they impact your daily work? How many regulatory agencies oversee the types of services your health care organization provides? Which regulatory agencies apply to your workplace setting? Are you familiar with the process of complying with those agencies in order to maintain certification? You might be overwhelmed as you consider these broad questions.

· As you prepare to complete this assessment, you may want to think about other related issues to deepen your understanding or broaden your viewpoint. You are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend or family member, or a member of your professional community. Note that these questions are for your own development and exploration and do not need to be completed or submitted as part of your assessment.

What local, state, or federal health care policies or laws set benchmarks and standards reflected in performance dashboards common in your professional area of practice?

· What are the potential challenges or opportunities for health care organizations or interprofessional teams in meeting prescribed performance benchmarks and standards? Factors you might consider include the organization’s mission, its size and resources, operational policies and procedures, and the population the organization serves.

· Preparation

For this assessment, you may choose one of the following three options for a performance dashboard to use as the basis for your benchmark evaluation.

Option 1: Dashboard and Health Care Benchmark Evaluation Simulation

If you decide to use one of the simulation dashboards for your evaluation, review both dashboards, as well as the relevant local, state, and federal laws and policies linked in each dashboard. Choose one of the dashboards and consider the metrics within it  that are falling short of the prescribed benchmarks.

Option 2: Actual Dashboard From a Professional Practice Setting

If you choose an actual dashboard from a professional practice setting for your evaluation, be sure to add a brief description of the organization and setting that includes:

· The size of the facility that the dashboard is reporting on.

· The specific type of care delivery.

· The population diversity and ethnicity demographics.

· The socioeconomic level of the population served by the organization.

Note: Ensure that your data is Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliant. Do not use any easily identifiable organization or patient information.

Option 3: Hypothetical Dashboard Based on a Professional Practice Setting

If you have a sophisticated understanding of dashboards that are relevant to your own practice, you may also construct a hypothetical dashboard for your evaluation, based on that setting. Your hypothetical dashboard must present at least four different metrics, at least two of which must be under-performing the relevant benchmark set forth by a federal, state, or local laws or policies. In addition, be sure to add a brief description of the organization and setting that includes:

· The size of the facility that the dashboard is reporting on.

· The specific type of care delivery.

· The population diversity and ethnicity demographics.

· The socioeconomic level of the population served by the organization.

Note: Ensure that your data is HIPAA compliant. Do not use any easily identifiable organization or patient information.

Report Requirements

Structure your report in such a way that it would be easy for a colleague or supervisor to locate the information they need. Be sure to cite relevant local, state, or federal health care laws or policies when evaluating metric performance against prescribed benchmarks. Cite an additional 2–4 credible sources to support your analysis and evaluation of the challenges in meeting the benchmarks, the potential for performance improvement, and your advocacy for ethical action.

Note: The tasks outlined below correspond to grading criteria in the scoring guide.

In your report, be sure to:

· Evaluate dashboard metrics against the benchmarks set by local, state, or federal health care laws or policies.

9. Which metrics are below the mandated benchmarks in the organization? Evaluate weaknesses within the entire set of benchmarks.

9. What are the local, state, or federal health care laws or policies that set these benchmarks?

. Analyze challenges that meeting prescribed benchmarks can pose for the organization or for an interprofessional team.

10. What are the specific challenges or opportunities that the organization or interprofessional team might have in meeting the benchmarks? For example, consider:

1. The strategic direction of the organization.

1. The organization’s mission.

1. Available resources:

3. Staffing.

3. Operational and capital funding.

3. Physical space.

3. Support services (any ancillary department that supports a specific care unit in the organization, such as a pharmacy, cleaning services, and dietary services).

1. Cultural diversity in the organization.

1. Cultural diversity in the community.

1. Organizational processes and procedures.

10. How might these challenges be contributing to benchmark underperformance?

. Evaluate a benchmark underperformance in the organization or interprofessional team that has the potential for greatly improving overall quality or performance.

11. Which metric is underperforming its benchmark by the greatest degree?

11. Which benchmark underperformance is the most widespread throughout the organization or interprofessional team?

11. Which benchmark affects the greatest number of patients?

11. Which benchmark affects the greatest number of staff?

11. How does this underperformance affect the community the organization serves?

11. Where is the greatest opportunity for improvement in the overall quality or performance of the organization or interpersonal team—and ultimately in patient outcomes?

. Advocate for ethical action in addressing the benchmark underperformance that has the potential for greatly improving overall quality or performance.

12. At which group of stakeholders should your advocacy be directed? Which group could be expected to take the appropriate action to improve the benchmark metric?

12. What are some ethical actions that the stakeholder group could take that support improved benchmark performance?

12. Why should the stakeholder group take action?

. Communicate your findings and recommendations in a professional and effective manner.

13. Ensure that your report is well organized and easy to read.

13. Write clearly and logically, using correct grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.

. Integrate relevant sources to support your arguments, correctly formatting source citations and references using current APA style.

14. Did you cite relevant local, state, or federal health care laws or policies when discussing the mandated benchmarks?

14. Did you cite an additional 2–4 credible sources to support your analysis, evaluation, and advocacy?

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PICOT STATEMENT

Review the Topic Materials and the work completed in NRS-433V to formulate a PICOT statement for your capstone project.

A PICOT starts with a designated patient population in a particular clinical area and identifies clinical problems or issues that arise from clinical care. The intervention should be an independent, specified nursing change intervention. The intervention cannot require a provider prescription. Include a comparison to a patient population not currently receiving the intervention, and specify the timeframe needed to implement the change process.

Formulate a PICOT statement using the PICOT format provided in the assigned readings. The PICOT statement will provide a framework for your capstone project.

In a paper of 500-750 words, clearly identify the clinical problem and how it can result in a positive patient outcome.

Make sure to address the following on the PICOT statement:

1. Evidence-Based Solution
2. Nursing Intervention
3. Patient Care
4. Health Care Agency
5. Nursing Practice

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

attached is my PICOT statement you can use to develop a paper

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Change Implementation And Management Plan

It is one of the most cliché of clichés, but it nevertheless rings true: The only constant is change. As a nursing professional, you are no doubt aware that success in the healthcare field requires the ability to adapt to change, as the pace of change in healthcare may be without rival.

As a professional, you will be called upon to share expertise, inform, educate, and advocate. Your efforts in these areas can help lead others through change. In this Assignment, you will propose a change within your organization and present a comprehensive plan to implement the change you propose.

To Prepare:

• Review the Resources and identify one change that you believe is called for in your organization/workplace.
  • This may be a change necessary to effectively address one or more of the issues you addressed in the Workplace Environment Assessment you submitted in Module 4. It may also be a change in response to something not addressed in your previous efforts. It may be beneficial to discuss your ideas with your organizational leadership and/or colleagues to help identify and vet these ideas.
• Reflect on how you might implement this change and how you might communicate this change to organizational leadership.

The Assignment (5-6-minute PowerPoint presentation):

Change Implementation and Management Plan

Create a narrated PowerPoint presentation of 5 or 6 slides with video that presents a comprehensive plan to implement the change you propose.

Your presentation should be 5–6 minutes in length and should include a video with you as presenter.

Your Change Implementation and Management Plan should include the following:

• An executive summary of the issues that are currently affecting your organization/workplace (This can include the work you completed in your Workplace Environment Assessment previously submitted, if relevant.)
• A description of the change being proposed
• Justifications for the change, including why addressing it will have a positive impact on your organization/workplace
• Details about the type and scope of the proposed change
• Identification of the stakeholders impacted by the change
• Identification of a change management team (by title/role)
• A plan for communicating the change you propose
• A description of risk mitigation plans you would recommend to address the risks anticipated by the change you propose

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NR 632 Week 1 LA

Directions

For Week 1, complete the Learning Agreement with self-identified goals to meet COs and initial plans to meet those self-identified goals; review the TIPS document to help you and discuss your goals and plans with your mentor. Your mentor must sign the Learning Agreement for your Week 1 submission.

The agreement should be revised each week to reflect completed goals, additional goals, and changes to the plan dictated by the actual experience or revisions suggested by faculty or the mentor. At the end of the practicum experience, evaluate success with your mentor and obtain the mentor’s signature at the bottom of agreement. Save this form as a Word document and enter required information directly onto it; submit the completed Learning Agreement, signed by your mentor, on the Friday of Week 8. See the Learning Agreement Grading Rubric for grading details.

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The Back Pain

A 42-year-old male reports pain in his lower back for the past month. The pain sometimes radiates to his left leg. In determining the cause of the back pain, based on your knowledge of anatomy, what nerve roots might be involved? How would you test for each of them? What other symptoms need to be explored? What are your differential diagnoses for acute low back pain? Consider the possible origins using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) guidelines as a framework. What physical examination will you perform? What special maneuvers will you perform?

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MEdical Terminology CHP 3-4

DIS 3

Topic 1  Because of the pain medication, Gladys Gwynn may not be able to speak for herself. Since she has no relatives to help, is it appropriate for Dr. Johnstone to make the decision about surgery for her? Under the circumstances, is it possible that when Gladys moved into Sunny Meadows they had her sign a Health Care Power of Attorney to someone at the facility?

Topic 2  Because the accident happened when Sheri Smith was helping Mrs. Gwynn, do you think Sheri should be held responsible for the accident? Given that Sheri is an employee of Sunny Meadows, should that facility be held responsible?

Topic 3  The recovery time for internal fixation surgery is shorter than that following a total hip replacement. The surgery is also less expensive and has a less strenuous recovery period; however, Mrs. Gwynn probably will not be able to walk again. Given the patient’s condition, and the limited dollars available for health care, which procedure should be performed?

Topic 4  Would you have answered Question 3 differently if Mrs. Gwynn were your mother?

ESSAY

After visiting the Media Links for this chapter, complete this assignment by writing a 2 to 3 paragraph essay about something you learned from one or more of the web sites. Enter the essay in the submission box and submit it.

http://orthopedics.about.com/mlibrary.htm

http://www.nof.org/

http://www.arthritis.org/

DIS 4

Topic 1  On what basis do you think Aifreight determined that this was a safety violation?

Topic 2  Use lay terms to explain Sandor’s injury and the treatment that was required.

Topic 3  Sandor knows how to handle heavy loads safety; however, the crate may have slipped because he was busy thinking about his daughter’s birthday party and not about his work. Could the responsibility for this accident be considered negligence on Sandor’s part? Do you think Sandor should be held responsible or is blameless in this situation?

Topic 4  It was determined that Airfreight was not responsible for the accident. Therefore, do you think the company should take away Sandor’s job if he does not return in 30 calendar days?

ESSAY

SAME AS ABOVE DIS 3

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I Need 3 Nursing Diagnosis For Each Case Study And Make For It Nursing Care Plan

I need 3 nursing diagnosis for each case study and make for it nursing care plan

2 pages and 3 sources

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APN Infographic

Infographics are visual representations of information. They can include numbers, text, images, or any combination of the three. Just as in traditional writing assignments, infographics  can take on any of the various rhetorical modes — informative, instructive, descriptive, persuasive, etc. Infographics provide a quick way to convey a lot of information. For example, this infographic from the American Association of Nurse Practitioners conveys data related to NPs  much more concisely than another paragraph inserted here could have (/orders/www.aanp.org/all-about-nps/what-is-an-np-2):

Students will create an Infographic on the topic of Advanced Practice Nursing. You will create an infographic that is easily understood by the lay public or general population. The infographic should provide information useful to communicating the “What, Why, When and How” of APN.

1. Student will select a platform (tool) for building their infographics. There are plenty of great infographic platforms out there. Most are free, but may require that you do set up an account. Check out Infogr.am, Easelly, Piktochart, and Visme.
2. Create the Infographic using one of the above platforms.
3. Post completed infographic in PDF format

Expectations

• In
• Format: PDF of visual

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6551 9 ASSGN

To prepare Assignment 1: Application – Comprehensive Patient Assessment ON Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

Reflect on your Practicum Experience and select a female patient whom you have examined with the support and guidance of your Preceptor.

Think about the details of the patient’s background, medical history, physical exam, labs and diagnostics, diagnosis, treatment and management plan, as well as education strategies and follow-up care.

To complete

Write an 8- to 10-page comprehensive soap Note paper on Abnormal Uterine Bleeding , that addresses the following:

Age, race and ethnicity, and partner status of the patient

Current health status, including chief concern or complaint of the patient

Contraception method (if any)

Patient history, including medical history, family medical history, gynecologic history, obstetric history, and personal social history (as appropriate to current problem)

Review of systems

Physical exam

Labs, tests, and other diagnostics

Differential diagnoses

Management plan, including diagnosis, treatment, patient education, and follow-up care.

PLEASE FOLLOW ASSIGNMENT CRITERIA AND SAMPLE PAPER ATTACHED WITH THIS ASSIGNMENT. 100% ORINALITY AND APA FORMATE IS REQUIRED. DO NOT COPY SAMPLE PAPER , JUST FOLLOW THE PATTERN.

References

Schuiling, K. D., & Likis, F. E. (2013). Women’s gynecologic health (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

• • Chapter 5, “Gynecologic Anatomy and Physiology” (pp. 81–101)

• • Chapter 6, “Gynecologic History and Physical Examination” (pp. 103–131)

Tharpe, N. L., Farley, C., & Jordan, R. G. (2013). Clinical practice guidelines for midwifery & Women’s health (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

• • Chapter 6, “Care of the Well Woman Across the Life Span
  • “Preventive Health Care for Well Women” (pp. 263–265)
  • . Retrieved from http://www.womenshealth.gov/screening-tests-and-vaccines/screening-tests-for-women/Screening tests and vaccinesU.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2012b). Care of the Well Woman: Health Assessment and Screening” (pp. 265–270)
  • Society for Reporoductive Endocrinology and Infertility. (2012). Abnormal uterine bleeding. Retrieved from http://www.socrei.org/BOOKLET_abnormal_uteine_bleeding/

    Taran, F. A., Stewart, E. A., & Brucker, S. (2013). Adenomyosis: Epidemiology, risk factors, clinical phenotype and surgical and interventional alternative to hysterectomy. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkunde, 73(9), 924-931.

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NURSE PRACTICE ACT COMPARISON POWERPOINT

Explanation and Rubric. Must be APA formatting and quality work.

Nurse Practice Act Power Point Presentation Assignment and Grading Rubric

Power Point Format Expectations

It is important that students understand that the legal parameters of APN practice vary tremendously across the United States. Each state has its own laws regarding the scope of practice for APNs. This assignment is to compare the nurse practice acts (or whatever the name of the statute that controls APN practice) −and the accompanying rules for administration for those acts−in two states: the one where you live/work now and another state to be assigned by course faculty shortly after the semester has begun. You are to develop a detailed and scholarly PowerPoint presentation that adheres to APA format for any references, as well as the standard rules of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure. Bullet point format should be used for most slides; in other words, few slides should have full paragraphs. However, there should be enough detail in the entire presentation that anyone reading the slides would have the answers to the questions below—but copying lengthy sections of a statute should be avoided. Excellent summarizing and paraphrasing—rather than just copying and pasting whole sections of a statute—is actually encouraged. Side-by-side comparison of information can be effective, assuming the slide is not too “busy.”

Background Information about State Regulations

Please note that you must actually read the practice acts and the accompanying rules of the states assigned. But the good news is that the language about APN practice is usually located in a single, identifiable section of each act; therefore, you may focus on only the part of the acts specific to advanced practice nurses. I have noted elsewhere that you should not rely on the summaries done by Carolyn Buppert in our textbook simply because in any given year a state may change its act. The Nurse Practitioner Journal article, 28th annual legislative update:  Advancements continue for APRN practice can be helpful, although again any statute might have been revised since that article was published. The article can be found on the course home page under articles, videos and power-points for weekly assignments.

Finally, there is yet another resource for this assignment, which is provided by Barton Associates, which is a locum tenens staffing company. This site was discovered by one of our students who took NURS 610 previously. Below is the link for a very interesting color-coded diagram indicating the various elements of practice acts for all of the states and Washington, D.C. This may not be up to date.

http://www.bartonassociates.com/nurse-practitioners/nurse-practitioner-scope-of-practice-laws/

While the references are instructive in terms of the frameworks of nurse practice acts in different states, you still must still read the actual statutes and rules of the both states.

The accompanying rules for administration are often contained in an entirely different document from the practice act itself. What is the difference between statutes and rules? The statute is the law passed by the each state’s legislature; it is usually more general in its verbiage and is comparable to a policy. Rules, on the other hand, are written by government employees in the state agency/regulatory body and are much more specific like procedures.

Locating the practice acts for each state can be tricky: Some states have an actual governmental agency called the Board of Nursing; however, in other states, the “Board of Nursing” is simply an advisory committee comprised of volunteer members–which is true in Illinois. Illinois, like a few other states, has a “mega-agency” that regulates professionals in a whole host of professions. Illinois’ regulatory agency has the title of the Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation (IDFPR) and oversees not just health professionals, but wrestlers, hairdressers, real estate agents, bankers, and the list goes on and on. Then there are some states that regulate nurses through their state departments of health. However, there are two resources listed on your syllabus that should be helpful:

National Council of State Boards of Nursing: /orders/www.ncsbn.org/index.htm

State Nurses Associations: http://www.theagapecenter.com/Organizations/State-Nursing.htm

Once again, do not rely on Buppert for information about these state agencies, since the information about Illinois and many other states is not correct. The Advanced Practice Nursing Board in Illinois merged with the “regular” Board of Nursing (that oversees the practices of registered nurses and licensed practical nurses) in 2007 and, as I noted above, is only a voluntary board that advises the staff of IDFPR. The final authority for the practice of any professional licensed by IDFPR is the Secretary of the Department.

Formatting Statutes and Regulations

Do not be overly anxious regarding citations and references for the Nurse Practice Act PowerPoint presentation. Even the APA manual admits that its source for proper citation and reference format is based on another source; namely, the “Bluebook.” Nurse practice acts are statutes and their format is discussed on p. 220-221 in the APA manual. On the top of the page on 221 in the APA manual, a format for a reference is provided; however, that format may not be very helpful for the particular practice acts that you are comparing. Remember, that the real purpose of citations and references is to help the reader to find original sources if so desired. For example, the full legal “name” of the Illinois Nurse Practice Act is this: 225 Illinois Compiled Statutes 65/60-1 — 65/75-20 (FYI: You MAY abbreviate Illinois Compiled Statutes as ILCS).

While the information focuses on how the Illinois Nurse Practice Act works, I hope the gist of this makes sense for all states, even though other states may have a somewhat different way of “naming” their acts. In Illinois the majority of information about advanced practice nursing can be found under Article 65 within which there are several sections like this:

65/65-5: Qualifications for APN licensure. The first “65” refers to the “name” of the act and it just so happens that the APN section is also Article 65. The “5” after the dash refers to a particular section within Article 65.

The next section of Article 65 is:

65/65-10: APN license pending status. And this section is followed by:

65/65-15: Expiration of APN license renewal. ….etc.

This is how you should begin this assignment. Early in your PowerPoint presentation, I would like you to indicate the “names” of the two acts that you are comparing, as I did with the Illinois Nurse Practice Act above (ILCS Compiled Statutes 65/60-1 — 65/75-20)…or how the acts you are comparing are legally “named.” Once you provide the legal names of both practice acts in your presentation, you do not have to refer to that name anywhere else in the presentation (not even at the end). BUT I would like to see citations on the slides as you address the various elements of the grading rubric.

So, in Illinois, for example, when you describe the scope of practice of an APN, you would note somewhere on the slide that you obtained that information from § 65-30 (§ is the symbol for section). And you should make that citation in much smaller (but readable) font than the rest of the text on the slide. By the way, the easiest way to get that section symbol into your presentation is probably to go into Microsoft Word, find the “insert” tab in the top toolbar, find the “symbol” icon (in my version of Word, it is the last option on the right), and find the symbol, which seems to be in the category of “Basic Latin,” and just copy and paste that symbol into a slide. Once you do that, you should be able to just copy and paste that symbol from one slide to another.  Due to space constraints some liberties must be taken with APA format; But you do owe the reader enough information so that he or she could find the source of the information for each slide if so desired.

Grading Rubric (NOTE: Issues should be addressed in the sequence as listed below.)

The presentation must compare and contrast how each state addresses the following issues:

1. What is the exact title that is used to identify advanced practice nurses as a whole? Which specialties of APNs that we have discussed in this course are included in whatever APN title(s) each state uses? Are these titles “protected”? If not all specialties are specifically noted in the nurse practice act (NPA), in what other statute are these other specialties licensed and which state agency regulates their practice? (5 points)

2. How is licensure addressed; that is, must APNs have separate RN and APN licenses? (5 points)

3. What are the requirements for education and certification of each type of APN? (10 points)

4. Compare and contrast how APN oversight is addressed in each state: Is there physician oversight? If so, is it: Supervision (written or unwritten agreements) or collaboration (written or unwritten agreements)? Or is there independent/autonomous authority?  If independent authority, are there specific requirements before an APN is eligible for this autonomy? Are other limitations to this autonomy (e.g., must submit a formulary of medications that the APN will prescribe, etc.)?  (15 points)

5. What body is responsible for controlling APN practice? Board of Nursing (or its equivalent)? Board of Medicine? Both Board of Nursing and Board of Medicine? Some other entity (e.g., Department of Health)?   Is there APN representation on the Board of Nursing (or its equivalent) and if so, how many APNs are required?  (10 points)

6. What is allowed or not allowed in terms of prescriptive authority and how does it relate to the issue of supervision or collaboration described above? Is the dispensing of sample medications specifically mentioned one way or the other? What are the regulations about controlled substances (e.g., must APNs obtain a controlled substance license from their state prior to applying for a DEA number)?  What are the other requirements regarding prescriptive authority? (15 points)

7. How does each statute address the components of the APRN Consensus Model for Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (a.k.a., LACE)? NOTE: It is unlikely that any practice act will specifically mention the terms APRN Consensus Model or LACE. Your task is to interpret and convey if there are any requirements in either act that seem to correspond to any of the components of LACE (albeit in other words).  (10 points)

8. Do the practice acts specifically address APNs having hospital admitting and/or discharging privileges or otherwise mention some other type of hospital clinical privileges? If so, describe the details of those privileges. (Note: APNs simply being able to perform admission history and physicals is NOT the same as having admission privileges.) If privileges are not addressed in the statutes or rules, review TNPJ article for this information.  (10 points)

9. Do the practice acts address reimbursement for APN services?  If not noted in the practice acts themselves, what does the TNPJ article have to say about this topic? Also, what other elements of scope of practice are noted either in the practice acts or the diagram on the Barton Associates website?  (10 points)

10. Overall appearance of PowerPoint slides: Appropriate graphics are encouraged (but, please, no graphics of women wearing nurses’ caps!). There should be some color to the slides.  Points will be deducted if the following are not present: (a) Slides should include appropriate citations that correspond to the reference list at the end of the presentation, (b) proper spelling, grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure. Again, much of the content should be formatted in bullet points and legal language should be carefully paraphrased. It is acceptable (indeed, desirable) for citations to be in a much smaller font compared to the rest of the words on a slide. (10 points)

This assignment is worth 100 points. A follow-up to this assignment is that each student will critique one other student’s presentation both for the quality (aesthetics, clarity) of the presentation, as well as the accuracy of its content. That assignment will be worth 50 points.

*****COMPARISON OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO REQUIRED.*****

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