Week 5 Source of Data and Data Collection Discussion

If doing a quantitative study:
Identify the data sources or instrumentation for each of the variables in your study. Justify the use of each data source or instrument in your study. Support your justification with citations from peer-reviewed sources. Discuss the reliability and validity of each data source or instrument. Also discuss how the instrument is scored and the level (categorical, ordinal, interval, ratio) the data obtained for your variable of interest.

I attached a draft of my prospectus. For data collection

Dissertation Draft Prospectus

Black Professionals Coping with Stress while Practicing Mindfulness

Cassandra D. Summers

Grand Canyon University

May 13, 2020

Chair: Leslie Sherlin

Mindfulness, Meditation, and Coping Strategies for Stress

The dissertation topic for this study dwells on the use of mindfulness in addressing the issue of (reducing) stress in black professionals. The rising incidences of psychological disorders, depressive tendencies, anxiety, as well as mental health problems, is emblematic of the inability of people across the spectrum of age, class, professions, and even personal relationships, to deal with the complexities of life, and living, especially in today’s world. This is especially true for specific special groups and minority (vulnerable) groups such as black professionals, and native tribes. These groups often have to deal with the daily stress that every other citizen has to handle at home and work, as well as the unique challenges that apply to them. Black professionals, who are the main focus of this paper, tend to have stress at their places of work that are unique to them because they are living in a community that is different from them culturally, and in terms of race as noted in several studies discussed below.

As Spruill & Shallcross (2018) noted, they (black people) have to consider factors such as racism and discrimination, and behave in a manner that would be held to higher standards than the white people, whether as a matter of perception or truth (Spruill & Shallcross, 2018). The need to find appropriate, and effective means of mitigating, treating, and preventing these disorders is based on the notion that “mental health disorders diminish the quality of life of people who suffer from them, and they also increase vulnerability for the development of severe disabling diseases.” (Herrero et al. 2019, p.43). Most contemporary medical interventions that deal with psychological, and mental health issues rely on a combination of drugs, and therapeutic interventions through active engagement between a therapist and the clients. They include mindfulness-based home practices, which are discussed in the subsequent paragraph.

The use of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) techniques have increasingly been considered effective interventions in helping individuals deal with stress, anxiety, psychological and mental health issues (Burke et al. 2016, p.102). Because of the relatively recent integration of mindfulness-based approaches, research related to their efficacy of use, and importance of regular practice is limited.  These limits apply more to black professionals than other groups, such as white professionals. Due to the limited nature of this research within the black professional community, it is necessary to conduct additional research to mitigate this limitation and verify the relationship between mindfulness and stress reduction.

Background of the Problem

            Further comparative effectiveness research with the inclusion of controls for non-specific effects is needed to define a range of additional, effective interventions to increase resilience to stress in black professionals. The increment in the number of individuals enduring stress-related side effects and clutters has gone up significantly within the past decade. The issue gets to be exceedingly noteworthy within black professionals’ case, with workplaces across the country witnessing the increasing cases of mental illness in society, especially among black people, and professionals. Hardeman et al. (2016) also note uneasiness, and mental well-being clutters in black professionals. According to Hardeman et al. (2016), the instances of mental illness in the black community are on the rise, affecting black individuals in their daily lives, in school, and later on in their professions (Hardeman et al., 2016).

Research into the use of MBST and MBCT shows that most practitioners complete only about 60% of the allotted time of home practice. It also shows that “there is value in supporting and encouraging participants’ home practice in MBCT and MBSR.” (Parsons et al. 2017, p.37). The adoption of the CORE program, an Internet-based intervention, which includes mindfulness training, also revealed that preventive and coping strategies using ICTs could be “advantageous, compared to face to face interventions,” especially among university students. (Herrero 2019, p.49). Additionally, mindfulness as a means of “wellness and self-care” (Burke et al. 2016, p.95), and its association with “improved stress symptoms and sleep quality” (Greeson et al. 2018, p.8) have been established. This paper seeks to explore the importance of promoting MBCT, and MBSR as part of the therapeutic intervention for black professionals as a means of helping them cope with stress, and also promote the use of mindfulness as a lifelong strategy to deal with mental and psychological issues. This is done primarily by establishing the effect mindfulness has onstress reduction, which is the premise of the gap that this paper seeks to fill.

Theoretical Foundations/Conceptual Framework and Review of the Literature/Themes

 The Transactional Model of Stress and Coping (TMSC) is an invaluable framework because it helps one understand how stress works and how an individual combats such stress. The framework postulates that the experience of stress is based on appraisal, one’s response to it, and eventual adaptation. This is thus important to the study and the phenomenon of how mindfulness can reduce stress because it enables one to understand or contextualize the concept of stress. Stress is abstract, and unless it is somehow constrained through a theory that shows or proposes how it works, it would not be possible to form viable variables that can help in its study, and it would not be easy to measure. With the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, this hurdle is significantly reduced since the concept of mindfulness can be applied within the framework’s constraints, and its impact analyzed based on how stress is appraised, how black professionals respond to it, and how they manage to cope with or without practicing mindfulness.

Literature Themes

Stress Among the Population

Stress in the modern world is a common occurrence to the extent that the WHO has deemed it an epidemic of the 21st century (Smith & Perez, 2018). The authors note that this is because of several individuals’ daily routine which is often taxing and can wreak havoc, both physically and mentally (Smith & Perez, 2018). This daily routine can either be in the employed sector, unemployed sector, or other areas that individuals are forced to make ends meet. Scholars agree that stress increases regardless of an individual’s societal status, but is more harshly felt among the poor and vulnerable groups (Galante et al., 2017).

Stress in Black American professionals

Black professionals are of interest because they are often understudied, and underrepresented in research (Hardeman et al., 2016). This is despite the fact that they are a vulnerable group that has been weighed down by several issues, and injustices, both socially and politically. It is thus interesting to see how these individuals cope with stress, and how mindfulness would be used (Sisco, 2020).

Research on Mindfulness and Its Efficacy

Mindfulness has been used in several studies, but several factors often limit the research. First, since it is a new approach, it has been studied relatively few times than other methods of tackling stress. Where such research has been done, it often excluded minority groups, and vulnerable individuals such as black people, and black professionals (Parsons et al. 2017, p.37). However, based on the few studies that have been done already, mindfulness is agreed to be a useful tool for combating stress (Bamber & Schneider, 2015).

Problem Statement

Little is known about how blacks who are working as professionals can cope with the stresses of work-life balance, and how they can use mindfulness while attending to integration problems in the workforce, and educational environment, despite the various counselling, and orientation services being provided (Sisco, 2020). Therefore, this paper’s problem statement is based on the premise that black professionals, who are the general population for this study, face numerous issues that can affect their mental health when they join the workforce. Little is done to help prevent these issues resulting in stress and anxiety (Hardeman et al., 2016). Through a quantitative analysis, the research seeks to identify and measure the stress faced by black professionals and assess the efficacy of MBCT and MBSR as part of the coping strategies provided for this group. Therefore, the levels of stress and the use or lack of use of mindfulness, as well as its efficacy are the variables. The unit of analysis is the efficacy of mindfulness. The measurement would be in terms of the correlation between stress reduction, and use of mindfulness. This relationship is significant because it would help establish how black professionals can reliably reduce stress using mindfulness, resulting in a better life for them at the workplace.

Purpose of the Study

This is a quantitative study that seeks to understand the relationship between the variables of stress reduction, and mindfulness among black professionals in the United States through conducting interviews of professionals and analysing the results. It thus examines mindfulness within black professionals’ context to find out whether it is a viable option. To do this, it examines the use of mindfulness as a variable and its effect on stress, as the other variable, in an effort to establish a correlation.

Research Questions and Hypotheses

            The psychological problems and mental issues faced by many professionals and young adults, especially those belonging to ethnic and racial minorities, lead to professional underachievement, depression, and many other things that can affect how they work daily. The existence of, and the level of stress, and the effectiveness of mindfulness are the two aspects that this paper would focus on. The following research questions guide this study: 

R1: To what extend does mindfulness help black professionals deal with stress?

H10: There is no statistically significant difference between individuals who use mindfulness to cope with stress and those who do not.

H1a: There is a strong correlation between the use of mindfulness and stress reduction.

R2: What is the impact of mindfulness on black professionals?

H10:Mindfulness has no impact.

H1a:There is a strong positive correlation between mindfulness and black professionals.

Advancing Scientific Knowledge and Significance of the Study

 Studies into the positive impact of MBCT and MBSR as coping strategies for stress are relatively new research areas. Most extant literature deals with the way it helps participants to deal with stress and psychological issues.  This particular study aims to address gaps related to the effectiveness of MBCT and MBSR as preventive strategies for black professionals. 

To address this gap in the literature, the study uses a quantitative analysis method, based upon analysis of available data and personal interviews with participants, approximately 12-15 interviews. This will be done to identify the problems in adhering to formal practice and the importance of continuing with the program as part of one’s daily regimen.  The formal and informal practice of MBCT and MBSR raise questions of the active components of the treatment but fail to provide direct evidence of the importance of home practice (Parsons et al. 2017, p.37) while Greeson et al. highlight the positive outcomes of MBSR and MBCT therapy for “myriad stress-related disorders” (p.8) and Galante et al. (2017) highlight the use of mindfulness as a preventive strategy for students.

New research into the use of MBCT and MBSR as a coping strategy for professionals and young adults dealing with mental issues and psychological disorders will prove useful, as it promotes a relatively cheap means of therapy.

The use of the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping model to understand and explain the effectiveness of MBCT and MBSR is also essential as it explains the importance of understanding stress and its effect on an individual. While there are research gaps in the use of mindfulness-based strategies overall, which this paper would attempt to address, it is even more useful because it helps narrow down the research. By focusing on the black professional groups, the paper would offer invaluable insight into mindfulness across various diverse groups and hopefully encourage more scientists to examine its use in the black professional groups and beyond.

Rationale for Methodology

            The research relies on a quantitative analysis of data gleaned from interviews with participants as well as other studies of extant literature related to mindfulness as a coping strategy for stress. This approach relies on numerical data to establish patterns and relationships between variables (Squires & Dorsen, 2018). Quantitative research is an appropriate methodology since it can help generate data that can then be manipulated mathematically to establish relationships between variables. The research is directed towards understanding the relationship between practicing mindfulness, and stress reduction, which makes the experimental quantitative methodology appropriate. The relationship allude to shall be deduced based on numerical data collected on the variables through correlation analysis, making the quantitative approach the proper one.

Nature of the Research Design for the Study

The study design is based on a combination of data collection and analysis and a purposeful sample. The former is chiefly based on a study of existing literature and data accessed from institutions and individuals and interviews with identified black professionals (sample population) who use mindfulness as a way of stress reduction. These interviews will not necessarily be face to face. They can take the form of answers through questionnaires supplied, or even telephonic or Skype interviews with those willing to participate. An essential part of the data collection will be examining existing literature, and studies carried out in the field of mindfulness. Available scores will be analysed and used to understand further the need to regularly follow mindfulness practices to promote resilience and advance coping strategies.

Research Materials

The research design is chiefly based upon analysis of existing data taken from extant literature, accessed from databases, and institutions.  To make an appropriate evaluation, and analysis of the prior literature, it is crucial to analyze the various sections of the study.  Even as the study’s significance and the problem aspect are the reason for the research papers being used, it is essential to look at the methods section with a critical eye, as it provides information about data collection methods, management, and analysis. (Merriam, Grenier 2019, p.21).  The limitation section of the study and the validation instruments, if any, have been used, need to be understood clearly to ensure that ethical considerations related to data collection have been managed.  As this particular research study depends upon interviews with participants, a field test could be carried out using a questionnaire and appropriate analysis done to ensure that the final questionnaire is error-free.

Data Collection

• Most of the data used for the research is accessed from existing literature where “applicability, or transferability of the research findings, is the criterion for evaluating external validity.” (Hammarberg et al. 2016, p.500).
• This helps in redirecting efforts, based on essential and incriminating evidence found. For the participant interviews, after the field test, a group of individuals will be identified, permission sought for accessing their records, and conducting interviews, after which the data will be collated and analyzed.
• This data will be examined individually. The use of most recent data and studies, between one to three years old, will be carried out to provide the most recent studies, and data needed to create the framework for further analysis.
• For questionnaires, they would first be constructed based on the information about the research, target respondents, and disseminating avenues.
• It would then be worded, pretested and distributed.
• To obtain informed consent, the sample population would be contacted in a advance and requested, in writing, for their permission to participate in the study.
• To protect the rights of the participants, the gathered data would be stored on an encrypted hard drive and only published with their written consent. In addition, no names would be used in order to enhance anonymity.

Data Analysis Procedures

            The use of hypothetico-deductive model helps in quantitative research. It comprises methodical, yet adaptable rules for gathering, and analyzing data and pieces of information to develop hypotheses grounded in the data themselves (McKenzie, 2018). Based on this, the data collection was done through thematic analysis of emerging themes to access the patterns in unifying themes in the databases. The initial coding, which led to the main themes related to regular practice and the importance of integrating mindfulness in one’s daily routine, led to focussed coding that helped to synthesize and explain big chunks of data.

            Data on stress reduction shall be gathered within the context of the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping discussed earlier. The appraisals that the participants give would thus be the scales upon which the data would be based and interpreted. Similarly, the efficacy of mindfulness would be evaluated based on how the stress is seen to reduce when mindfulness is used. The variations in appraisals would be evaluated. Similarly, data from other studies would be evaluated using correlation analysis to identify the relationships between the data. Some of the assumptions of this model are that it assumes linearity, and an absence of outliers, among other things.

Ethical Considerations

The guiding principle of a significant research project should be to find solutions for prevalent issues while ensuring that the highest ethical considerations are integrated throughout the research process. Several research projects face ethical issues such as privacy rights violation, and use of underhand tactics to obtain results. In this situation, it is vital to maintain the highest confidentiality levels, protect the data collected, and ensure that the examinee has given informed consent. For this particular research study, through informed consent and confidentiality of subjects, and objective interpretation, the ethical issues related to the project will be managed positively. To obtain informed consent, the sample population would be contacted in a advance and requested, in writing, for their permission to participate in the study. To protect the rights and identity of the participants, the gathered data would be stored on an encrypted hard drive and only published with their written consent. In addition, no names would be used in order to enhance anonymity

Finally, to ensure that the dissertation is deemed ethical, the necessary approvals from relevant regulatory bodies and ethical bodies would be obtained where applicable. This would be done through written requests to the relevant boards and face to face meetings with others which are near. This helps demonstrate that the research has been done in compliance with specifications laid down regulations. The approvals would be obtained for the instruments to be used in the research, the site, and the IRB.

References

Bamber, M., & Schneider, J. (2015, December). Mindfulness-Based Meditation to Decrease Stress and Anxiety in College Students: A Narrative Synthesis of the Research. Educational Research Review, 1(32), 1-29. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2015.12.004

Burke, M. G., Dye, L., & Hughey, A. W. (2016). Teaching mindfulness for the self-care and

well-being of student affairs professionals. College Student Affairs Journal, 34(3), 93-107.

Galante, J., Dufour, G., Vainre, M., Wagner, A. P., Stochl, J., Benton, A., … & Jones, P. B.

(2018). A mindfulness-based intervention to increase resilience to university students (the Mindful Student Study): a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. The Lancet Public Health, 3(2), e72-e81.

Greeson, J. M., Zarrin, H., Smoski, M. J., Brantley, J. G., Lynch, T. R., Webber, D. M., … &

Wolever, R. Q. (2018). Mindfulness meditation targets transdiagnostic symptoms implicated in stress-related disorders: Understanding relationships between changes in mindfulness, sleep quality, and physical symptoms: evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018.

Hammarberg, K., Kirkman, M., & de Lacey, S. (2016). Qualitative research methods: when to

use them and how to judge them. Human Reproduction, 31(3), 498-501.

Hardeman, R., Perry, S., Phelan, S. M., Przedworski, J. M., Burgess, D. J., & Ryn, M. (2016). Racial identity and mental well-being: The experience of African American Medical Students. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities, 3(2), 250–258. doi:/orders/dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40615-015-0136-5

Herrero, R., Mira, A., Cormo, G., Etchemendy, E., Baños, R., García-Palacios, A., … & Görlich,

51. (2019). An Internet-based intervention for improving university students’ resilience and coping strategies: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Internet interventions, 16, 43-51.

Merriam, S. B., & Grenier, R. S. (Eds.). (2019). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for

discussion and analysis. John Wiley & Sons.

McKenzie, S. E. (2018). Research Methods: Qualitative Approach. Retrieved from Downstate.edu: /orders/www.downstate.edu/geriatricfellowship/documents/QualitativeResearchMethods_DownstatePresentationSTUDENT.pdf

Parsons, C. E., Crane, C., Parsons, L. J., Fjorback, L. O., & Kuyken, W. (2017). Home practice

in Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of participants’ mindfulness practice and its association with outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 95, 29-41.

Sibinga, C. T. (Ed.). (2018). Ensuring research integrity and the ethical management of data.

            IGI Global.

Sisco, S. (2020, August 20). Race-Conscious Career Development: Exploring Self-Preservation and Coping Strategies of Black Professionals in Corporate America. Advances in Developing Human Resources. doi:/orders/doi.org/10.1177%2F1523422320948885

Smith, J., & Perez, M. (2018). The importance of stress management in todays. Rev. Client. Sena Aires, 7(1), 1-4.

Spruill, T. M., & Shallcross, A. J. (2018). The Protective Role of Mindfulness in the Relationship Between Perceived Discrimination and Depression. Mindfulness (N Y), 9(4), 1100–1109. doi:/orders/dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12671-017-0845-4

Squires, A., & Dorsen, C. (2018, October 01). Qualitative Research in Nursing and Health Professions Regulation. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 9(3), 15-26. doi:/orders/doi.org/10.1016/S2155-8256(18)30150-9

Turner, F. D., & Smith, J. K. (2015). A comparative study on the stress levels of black, white,

            Asian and Latino undergraduate students. Journal of Research Initiatives, 1(3), 6.

Appendix A
The 10 Strategic Points

The 10 strategy points emerge from researching literature on a topic that is based on, or aligned with, the defined need in the literature as well as the learner’s personal passion, future career purpose, and degree area. The 10 Strategic Points document includes the following 10 key or strategic points that define the research focus and approach:

1. Topic—Provides a broad research topic area/title.

The efficacy of mindfulness as a strategy in stress reduction.

2. Literature review—Lists primary points for four sections in the Literature Review:

(a) Background of the problem/gap and the need for the study based on citations from the literature;

There is evidence to indicate rising levels of stress in the world and in black professionals (Smith & Perez, 2018).

According to Hardeman et al. (2016), the instances of mental illness in the black community are on the rise, affecting black individuals in their daily lives, in school, and later on in their professions (Hardeman et al., 2016).

(b) Theoretical foundations (models and theories to be foundation for study);

The Transactional Model of Stress and Coping is an invaluable framework because it helps one understand how stress works and how an individual combats such stress.

(c) Review of literature topics with key theme for each one;

Stress Among the Population

Stress in the modern world is a common occurrence to the extent that the WHO has been deemed an epidemic of the 21st century (Smith & Perez, 2018).

Stress in Black American professionals

Black professionals are of interest because they are often understudied, and underrepresented in research (Hardeman et al., 2016).

Research on Mindfulness and Its Efficacy

Mindfulness has been used in several studies, but several factors often limit the research.

(d) Summary.

Literature shows that stress is indeed a significant impediment in people’s lives, especially black professionals. There are, however, limited studies on how this stress can be combated and especially so in black professionals. This has to be remedied by conducting mores studies in how mindfulness can help reduce stress.

3. Problem statement—Describes the problem to address through the study based on defined needs or gaps from the literature.

This paper’s problem statement is based on the premise that black professionals, who are general population for this study, face numerous issues that can affect their mental health when they join the workforce

4. Sample and location—Identifies sample, needed sample size, and location (study phenomena with small numbers and variables/groups with large numbers).

This is a quantitative study that seeks to understand the relationship between the variables of stress reduction, and mindfulness among black professionals in the United States through conducting interviews of professionals (approximately) and content analysis (number of articles yet to be determined) then analyzing the results.

5. Research questions—Provides research questions to collect data to address the problem statement.

R1: To what extend does mindfulness help black professionals deal with stress?

6. Hypothesis/variables or Phenomena—Provides hypotheses with variables for each research question (quantitative) or describes the phenomena to be better understood (qualitative).

H10: There is no statistically significant difference between individuals who use mindfulness to cope with stress and those who do not.

H1a: There is a strong correlation between the use of mindfulness and stress reduction.

7. Methodology and design—Describes the selected methodology and specific research design to address problem statement and research questions.

The experimental quantitative methodology is used and interviews and content analysis constitute the design of the projects.

8. Purpose statement—Provides a one-sentence statement of purpose including the problem statement, methodology, design, population sample, and location.

This is a quantitative study that seeks to understand the relationship between the variables of stress reduction, and mindfulness among black professionals in the United States through conducting interviews of professionals and analysing the results. It thus examines mindfulness within black professionals’ context to find out whether it is a viable option. To do this, it examines the use of mindfulness as a variable and its effect on stress, as the other variable, in an effort to establish a correlation.

9. Data collection—Describes primary instruments and sources of data to answer research questions.

Data collection would be done through content analysis and interviews of the sample population.

Data analysis—Describes the specific data analysis approaches to be used to address research questions.

Data would be analysed through the use of statistical software such as SPSS and excel where applicable. It would be cleaned and sorted before this analysis.

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS

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• Weekly Participation

Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately. In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies. Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work). Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.

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Familiarize yourself with the APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in Loud-cloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required). Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation. I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.

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Appendix B

Table 1

Quantitative Studies