CMP9701P Problem Statements: Examples from Previous Psychology Dissertations

CMP9701P Problem Statements: Examples from Previous Psychology Dissertations

Statement of the Problem [Reprinted from Treviranus, 2021]

The problem addressed by this study was the lack of homogenous research exploring the intimate partner violence (IPV)-related effects in lesbian and gay (LG) relationships (Edwards et al., 2015). Despite what is known about IPV in the general population, LG IPV is not well understood with regard to betrayal trauma theory and minority stressors. Edwards et al. (2015) asserted that current research fails to account for LG minority stressors which should be understood in order to understand and assist LG IPV survivors.

Better understanding of LG minority stressors could lead to more effective IPV treatment and bolster socio-political reform for LG IPV survivors (Xiaomin et al., 2019; Edwards et al., 2015; Smith & Freyd, 2014). With a large percentage of unreported instances of IPV (Rolle et al., 2018), it is important that researchers begin to understand why these survivors are hesitant to report their traumas. Heteronormativity, or the “belief that people fall into distinct and complementary genders (man and woman) with natural roles in life” (“Heteronormative,” 2015, para. 1), limits accessibility of professional services sensitive to LG issues (e.g., equitable legal policies that support LG relationship and treatment modalities sensitive to minorities) (Almeida & Durkin, 1999; Chabot, Tracy, Manning & Poisson, 2009; Messinger, 2017). The lack of understanding surrounding LG IPV and help-seeking barriers leave LG individuals at increased risk for long-term mental health implications (e.g., depression, suicide, substance use or abuse, alcoholism, and posttraumatic stress disorder) (Gagnon, Lee, & DePrince, 2017; Pill et al., 2017; Wang, 2016).

Statement of the Problem [Reprinted from Dutton, 2022]

The problem addressed in this study was the poor body image and body dissatisfaction experienced by bariatric surgery patients who are at least two years removed from their procedure (Legenbauer, 2020; Perdue, 2020). This population has demonstrated an increased risk of poor body image due to significant and sudden weight loss, resulting in incongruence between their physical body size and mental ability to realize this change (Turrentine et al., 2017). Research suggests that the patient’s mental quality of life correlates with body image (Legenbauer, 2020; Nickel et al., 2017). A review of the literature confirmed a gap in the research, recommending future research of “follow-up assessments performed several years after surgery, particularly during the period of slowed post-surgical weight loss, to develop a greater understanding of the long-term changes in body image” (Geller et al., 2020). Existing literature focuses on first-year post-surgery patients (Ristanto & Caltabiano, 2019) and pre-surgical patients (Ogden et al., 2015). Pre-surgical psychological support is standard care (Wizzart, 2019) but has not translated into aftercare services (Coulman et al., 2017). More research is needed focusing on body image among bariatric surgery patients at least two years post-procedure.

Without a clear understanding of the patient perspective as to what factors lead to this issue, a potential negative consequence for patients would be to continue on a trajectory of increased instances of emotional distress related to their perception of their body (Zahn, 2019). In addition, these individuals are at a high risk of body dysmorphia which, according to the DSM-5, consists of a preoccupation with one’s appearance and repetitive negative behaviors to overcome perceived flaws in one’s body (Singh and Veale, 2019). In summary, a patient’s perception of their body image as they are further removed from their bariatric surgery procedure can become a diagnosable condition if not appropriately addressed via long-term follow-up support.

Statement of the Problem [Reprinted from Thomas, 2020]

The problem addressed by this study was the need to explore the meaning older adults ascribe to changes in their religion over their lifetime and how those changes impact their coping ability (Hilton & Child, 2014; Shaw et al., 2016). Research has shown a positive relationship between religion and/or spirituality and aspects of positive aging including coping (Rodriquez-Galan & Galcon, 2018), adjustment (vn Humboldt & Leal, 2017) and life satisfaction (Roh et al., 2015). Allport (Allport, 1950; Allport & Ross, 1967) developed the theory of religious orientation, proposing religion is either intrinsic (I) or extrinsic (E). Individuals with E religion use their religion as a means to an end whereas those with I religion perceive their religion as vital to their lives. Subsequent researchers explored religious orientation with older adults (Foong et al., 2018; Hilton & Child, 2014) and found a positive relationship between age and I religion, and a negative relationship between E religion and well-being (Hilton & Child, 2014). Foong et al. (2018) found I religion mediated the relationship between depression and cognitive difficulties in older adults.

In research on religion and spirituality, it is important to determine how the participants conceptualize the terms as research suggests older adults might not make the same distinctions between the terms as do younger cohorts (Manning, 2012; Williams et al., 2015). Although the literature is replete with studies on older adults and religion (see Branco & Crane, 2014; Mukherjee, 2016; Tomas et al., 2016; Zhang, 2017), there is a shortage of qualitative studies asking these individuals for their own perspectives (Malone & Dadswell, 2018). It is important to explore whether and how older adults perceive themselves as having internalized or externalized their religion as they have aged and how those changes have influenced their ability to cope with the losses and challenges of aging. In addition, to study spirituality or religion effectively, it is necessary to determine how the participants interpret the two terms (Manning, 2012; Williams et al., 2015).

Statement of the Problem [Reprinted from Grant, 2022]

The specific problem prompting the need for this study was the lack of a deeper understanding of a parent’s style from a child’s perspective and how perceptions of parenting styles compare and contrast between parent and child (Cho et al., 2020). Researchers have shown parenting styles as reported by parents affect a child’s wellbeing (Liu et al., 2020; Mak et al., 2020; Moreno Mendez et al., 2020; Peng, 2021); however, the child’s perception about consenting to the type of parenting style used was unidentified (Canfield et al., 2020; Delvecchio et al., 2020; Molina, 2015; Phillips et al., 2014) prior to the results of this study. Parenting styles such as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful have been previously identified to differentially affect the parent and child relationship (Baumrind 1966; Maccoby & Martin, 1983); however, there was a lack of understanding in the literature about how both participants within the parent-child relationship perceive the parenting style. This was problematic as a failure to recognize and address children’s perception of the parental styles used by their parents could interfere with their wellbeing. Furthermore, a parent or child’s perception could be presented differently, and wellbeing cannot be wholly promulgated until a child’s perceptions about the parenting style were expanded (Canfield et al., 2020; Delvecchio et al., 2020; Phillips et al., 2014). Cross informant interviewing can promote self-awareness about the perceptions of parenting (Rizvi & Najam 2019), since one becomes self-aware when reflecting on the experiences through perceiving and processing (Morin, 2011). Exploring the different perspectives can help understand more about parental practices and their impact on child wellbeing to foster self-awareness (Ahmad & Smetana, 2021) and lead to better parenting outcomes since perceptions can be professed differently (Rizvi & Najam 2019). The differences among the parental and child’s perceptions can be used to inform the parental population (Delvecchio et al., 2020; Peng, 2021; Rizvi & Najam 2019).

Statement of the Problem [Reprinted from Tolbert, 2022]

The problem to be addressed was counselor trainees’ (CTs) risk for counselor burnout and the need for simple tools that will maximize counselor effectiveness (Bardhoshi et al., 2019; Cook et al., 2021; Fulton, 2016; Johnson et al, 2019; Leonard et al., 2018; Yang & Hayes, 2020). Mindfulness practices encourage developmental growth in CTs while providing tools to avert counseling related stressors from turning into compassion fatigue or burnout (Reilly, 2016). However, most research has examined mindfulness in the context of therapeutic groups (Burnett-Ziegler et al., 2016; Goldberg, 2020; Klawonn et al., 2019). It has been well established that mindfulness practices are especially useful in treating depression, anxiety, trauma, and stress (Burnett-Zeigler, 2016; Fulton et al., 2015; Reilly, 2016). Researchers have discovered that the stress levels of graduate students in the mental health field are greater than those of graduate students in purely academic fields and can impact on a students’ mood, well-being, and decision-making skills (Dye et al., 2019). Some counselor education programs introduce one-term courses on mind/body wellness and the use of mindfulness as a form of self-care, but there are only a few examples of these practices being integrated into core coursework as a daily or weekly regimen (Dye et al., 2019).

In research on mindfulness practices of CTs experiencing mindfulness coursework, Fulton (2016) found 62% reported having a personal mindfulness practice consisting of mostly yoga, occurring less than weekly. Johnson et al. (2019) found that 30.8% of CTs reported no personal mindfulness practice, 25.3% reported a personal mindfulness practice less than once a week, 27.5% engaged in a personal mindfulness practice one to three times per week, and 16.5% reported engagement in a personal mindfulness practice four or more times a week. Neither of these studies explored the impact of the practice on the lives of the students. With evidence that a mindful state is beneficial to counselor development (Arslan, 2016; Reilly, 2016), counselor self-care (Arslan, 2016; Coaston & Lawrence, 2019), and the counseling process (Fulton, 2016; Johnson, 2019), research was needed to investigate mindfulness as an independent or personal self-care practice among mental health counselors. Also, the relationship between type and frequency of mindfulness practices and levels of mindfulness and emotional empathy should be investigated.

Statement of the Problem [Reprinted from Sollom, 2020]

The problem to be addressed by this study is the lack of primary prevention programs that develop SEL skills within elementary schools (Greenberg et al., 2003; White & Murray, 2015; Eklund et al., 2018; LaBelle, 2019; Sklad et al., 2012). Without a primary prevention program that promotes SEL, several negative outcomes can occur such as lower academic achievement and truancy (Durlak et al., 2015; Gresham, 2018), more disciplinary referrals (Elias & Haynes, 6 2008; Stoiber, 2011), increased dropout rates, and an increase in the mental health problems of anxiety and depression (CDC, 2019; Khesht-Masjedi et al., 2019; Yousefi et al., 2010; Durlak et al., 2015; Gresham, 2018).

Although programs across the United States have identified health standards of social-emotional development, very few states have adopted a freestanding, comprehensive program with SEL standards (Eklund et al., 2018). Primary prevention programs that focus on positive psychology and positive education can reduce the likelihood of these problems and/or prevent such problems from occurring (White & Murray, 2015). In addition, primary prevention programs may help with additional problems children and adolescents face in school including bullying (Kann et al., 2018; Frey et al., 2009; Espelage et al., 2015; Nickerson et al., 2019), academic anxiety (Dobson, 2012), peer victimization (Craig et al., 2009; World Health Organization, 2012), aggressive and exclusionary behaviors (Cook et al., 2010; Roberts et al., 2013), chronic disengagement (Durlak et al., 2011), lack of concentration (Khesht-Masjedi et al., 2019; Yousefi, et al., 2010; Busari, 2012), and disruption in academic performance (Benson, 2006; Durlak et al., 2011; Durlak et al., 2015; Gresham, 2018; KheshtMasjedi et al., 2019; Yousefi, et al., 2010; Busari, 2012).

Given social-emotional learning can lead to lifelong productivity and success (Shonkoff, 2000; White & Murray, 2015) and prevent academic problems and future mental health problems within the school (Durlak et al., 2011; Durlak et al., 2015; Gresham, 2018), research is needed to investigate which SEL programs are effective, and how a more strength-based primary preventive program can help promote social emotional learning in youth. Future research should investigate the benefits of an authentic SEL program and explore the significance of each social and emotional competency to see what competencies promote academic success and serve as protective factors for our youth.

Statement of the Problem [Reprinted from Kaur, 2021]

The problem addressed was the increased risk of maternal burnout and limited existing body of literature on influence of sociodemographic factors on maternal burnout (Roskam et al., 2017; Mikolajczak et al., 2018). Current research on maternal burnout has covered few socio-demographics like marital status and maternal employment status (Mikolajczak et al., 2018), but there is a paucity of research on mothers’ age, race, parental status, maternal education level, professional field, the number of children women have, and maternal social support in the USA (Mikolajczak et al., 2018; Lebert-Charron et al., 2018). As a result, women are experiencing symptoms similar to professional burnout, known as “maternal burnout syndrome,” or MBS (Bianchi et al., 2014; Mikolajczak & Roskam, 2018).

Maternal burnout leads to increased risk of physical and psychological issues impacting the quality of life. A recent study on 1,551 parents shows that parental burnout has detrimental consequences for the parent and couple’s relationship (Mikolajczak et al., 2018). Parent consequences included escape/suicidal ideation, addictive behavior, sleep disorders, and health disorders; an increase in frequency/intensity of conflicts for the couple; and an increase in neglectful/violent behavior toward children (Mikolajczak et al., 2018). The effect of parental burnout on the parent is comparable to job burnout, but its impact on neglectful/violent behavior toward children is much more significant than job burnout. In fact, when controlling covariation, parental burnout explains 31% of the frequency of neglectful/violent behavior toward children while job burnout explains <1%, and parental burnout has more frequently led to suicidal ideation and escape ideation than job burnout or depression (Mikolajczak et al., 2020). These negative consequences highlight the need to identify factors contributing to maternal burnout (Naerde et al., 2000; Lebert-Charron et al., 2018; Williams & Dikes, 2015).

Statement of the Problem [Reprinted from Zeiber, 2021]

            The problem addressed was a need for research to determine if PTSD could be a variable inhibiting forensic populations from succeeding in the community reintegration process (Abracen et al., 2016; Kingston et al., 2017; Roy et al., 2016). There is data about PTSD in criminal justice populations during incarceration periods or engaged in inpatient programs, but none identify how PTSD correlates with standard outpatient program populations or how this could affect individuals (Abracen et al., 2016; Kingston et al., 2017; Roy et al., 2016). Inmates with SMIs have an 80% change of developing PTSD during incarceration due to the risk of victimization (Abracen et al., 2016; Kingston et al., 2017; Roy et al., 2016). The rates reported during detainment support the concept that PTSD may inhibit the population from adjusting when released due to dysregulation of emotional and behavioral responses (Kilbourne et al., 2015; Reynolds et al., 2017; Roy et al., 2016). Current forensic outpatient programs do not provide adequate support for PTSD which could inhibit acclimation following release (Kingston et al., 2017; Larson et al., 2018; Prince & Wald, 2018).

Forensic programs use rigid treatment regimens that do not incorporate the individualized needs of the recipient, which is essential for PTSD populations (Abracen et al., 2016; Gannetion et al., 2018; Kilbourne et al., 2015). Identifying if PTSD is a variable and whether the diagnosis may increase the extent of criminal justice involvement would help advocate for changes required in services to support the population needs (Koo et al., 2016; Fluckiger et al., 2018; Osborn & Stein, 2018). Increasing provider awareness about the rate and severity of PTSD following release from prison could promote dynamics to attenuate recipient needs, improve outcomes, and deter recidivism rates (Goodnight et al., 2019; Grossi, 2017; Guston et al., 2019).

References

Dutton, A. (2022). Body image and body dissatisfaction two or more years after bariatric

surgery. Northcentral University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. 29397928. Body Image and Body Dissatisfaction Two or More Years After Bariatric Surgery – Dissertations & Theses @ Northcentral University – ProQuest

Grant, B. K. (2022). Parents’ and children’s perspectives on parenting styles. Northcentral

University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. 29396407. Parents’ and Children’s Perspectives on Parenting Styles – Dissertations & Theses @ Northcentral University – ProQuest

Kaur, N. (2021). Maternal social support and socio-demographic correlates of maternal burnout.

Northcentral University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. 28714168. Maternal Social Support and Socio-Demographic Correlates of Maternal Burnout – Dissertations & Theses @ Northcentral University – ProQuest

Sollom, M. (2020). A quasi-experimental study on social emotional learning and primary

prevention. Northcentral University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. 2020. 28148192.

A Quasi-Experimental Study on Social Emotional Learning and Primary Prevention – Dissertations & Theses @ Northcentral University – ProQuest

Thomas, E. K. (2020). Assemblies of God older adults’ perceptions of their religion: A narrative

exploration of intrinsic and extrinsic religion. Northcentral University ProQuest

Dissertations Publishing. 28088249. Assemblies of God Older Adults’ Perceptions of Their Religion: A Narrative Exploration of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Religion – Dissertations & Theses @ Northcentral University – ProQuest

Tolbert, K. R. (2022). The relationship between mindfulness practices of counselor trainees,

levels of mindfulness, and empathy. Northcentral University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. 29394089. The Relationship between Mindfulness Practices of Counselor Trainees, Levels of Mindfulness and Empathy – Dissertations & Theses @ Northcentral University – ProQuest

Treviranus, C. L. (2021). Exploring same-sex intimate partner violence through the lens of

betrayal trauma. Northcentral University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. 28869111.

Exploring Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence through the Lens of Betrayal Trauma – Dissertations & Theses @ Northcentral University – ProQuest

Zeiber, A. L. (2021). Investigating the correlation between PTSD and criminal justice

involvement in forensics to promote the need for trauma informed practices in forensic

outpatient settings. Northcentral University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. 8318802. Investigating the Correlation between PTSD and Criminal Justice Involvement in Forensics to Promote the Need for Trauma Informed Practices in Forensic Outpatient Settings – Dissertations & Theses @ Northcentral University – ProQuest

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