NSG-533-IKC – Advanced Pharmacology Discussions
Advanced Pharmacology Discussions
Course Outcome: Fulfill legal requirements for writing prescriptions as a CRNP in this Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in accordance with § § 21.283—21.287 (relating to CRNP).
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Please introduce yourself to the class. |
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Pawn Johnson-Hunter
Sep 7, 2020 1:30 AM
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Must post first.
Proton pump inhibitors are a class of novel drugs that are the most potent acid suppressors on the market today. Since omeprazole’s introduction in 1990, they have been clinically proven to be better than H2RAs. Over the past decade their use has been scrutinized because of several harmful disease associations.
How would you handle a patient who wants to begin long-term PPI use? What would your discussion with them entail? In what patients or disease states would you not recommend PPI use? What if H. Pylori is found to be present?
The following FDA warning appears in the clopidogrel package insert: “Drug interactions: Co-administration of Plavix with omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor that is an inhibitor of CYP2C19, reduces the pharmacological activity of Plavix if given concomitantly or if given 12 hours apart. ” Plavix (clopidogrel) [package insert] Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi Pharmaceuticals Partnership Bridgewater, NJ. 2009. Evidence-based guidelines such as those provided by the AGA state: “PPI therapy does not need to be altered in concomitant clopidogrel users as there does not appear to be an increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events”. (Strong recommendation, high level of evidence) Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108:308–328; doi:10.1038/ajg.2012.444. This leaves the provider to make a professional decision. You may wish to read the portion of clopidogrel’s package insert [link below] regarding pharmacogenomics as well as the article found in Medscape [link below] regarding genetics in pharmacotherapy before answering the last question. Pharmacogenomics is, and will become, an increasingly bigger part of care as we move forward. /orders/www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/020839s044lbl.pdf
After reviewing the package insert for clopidrogel and available evidence regarding this combination, what would you recommend if a patient is taking esomeprazole and clopidrogel together?
Post your initial response by Wednesday at midnight. Respond to one student by Sunday at midnight. Both responses should be a minimum of 150 words, scholarly written, APA formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2 references are required (other than your text). Refer to the Grading Rubric for Online Discussion in the Course Resource section. |
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Kelly Miskovsky
Sep 8, 2020 2:26 PM
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Must post first.
Often we see a great deal of misinformation in the care of patients with diabetes, and often this misinformation is centered around the role and choice of medications. Many patients, especially newly diagnosed patients, are prescribed medications that do not fit into the scheme of the ADA / AACE guidelines / best evidence based practices – for instance, starting on Januvia (sitagliptin) or Jardiance (empagliflozin) or Byetta (exenatide) as initial monotherapy without a compelling indication or reason. In this discussion, please talk about how patients get put on these medications and why/how they should be transitioned to more evidence based treatments.
Post your initial response by Wednesday at midnight. Respond to one student by Sunday at midnight. Both responses should be a minimum of 150 words, scholarly written, APA formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2 references are required (other than your text). Refer to the Grading Rubric for Online Discussion in the Course Resource section. |
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Dianne Cohen
Sep 19, 2020 11:19 PM
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Must post first.
Consider the following scenarios: LW is a 32 year old female patient who comes to your medical clinic for primary care. She has been on hormonal contraceptives for years, although she’s just been married and has stopped her pills in hopes of becoming pregnant. Her PMHx includes obesity, HTN (diagnosed 3 years ago), familial hypercholesterolemia, and PCOS. Her current medications are as follows: Metformin 2000 mg PO daily, Lisinopril 10 mg PO daily, rosuvastatin 5 mg PO daily, and a multivitamin. GD is an 82-year-old patient is taking 2 mg of terazosin for BPH every morning. He comes in complaining of dizziness, generalized muscle weakness and persistent lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). How should you advise these patients and manage their medications? What was the process you went through to assess the current medications and to recommend an updated regimen? Post your initial response by Wednesday at midnight. Respond to one student by Sunday at midnight. Both responses should be a minimum of 150 words, scholarly written, APA formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2 references are required (other than your text). Refer to the Grading Rubric for Online Discussion in the Course Resource section. |
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Gisselle Mustiga
Sep 21, 2020 9:52 PM
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Must post first.
Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed medications for several indications, including anxiety and sleep disorders. Let’s discuss their use in our health care systems and the impact on our patients. Safety: How could the side effect profile affect your patients? Consider the following cases: KT is a 24 year old female completing her studies. While home for spring break, she presents to her primary care physician because she has been worried about her academic, professional, and personal future since class restarted in late August. She is constantly worried about passing all of her exams and that she is going to be the only one of her friends that graduates school without a ring on her finger.
WD is a 49-year-old male who suffered a myocardial infarction one week ago. Upon discharge, it was noted that WD appeared depressed. At a follow-up visit with his physician a week later, WD met criteria for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. His past medical history includes: treatment refractory hypertension, diabetes mellitus (type II), and severe uncontrolled narrow angle glaucoma
JM is a 42 year old female who was referred for management of insomnia. She reports that she is unable to sleep at all during the week (difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep) and sleeps all day on Sunday. She currently takes temazepam (Restoril) 30 mg HS (recently increased from 15mg). She also experiences depression due to an abusive relationship with her boyfriend as well as her current lack of employment. She reports poor sleep hygiene (reads and watches TV in bed), drinks 6-8 cups of coffee throughout the day and does not pay attention to how late she eats or exercises.
Post your initial response by Wednesday at midnight. Respond to one student by Sunday at midnight. Both responses should be a minimum of 150 words, scholarly written, APA formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2 references are required (other than your text). Refer to the Grading Rubric for Online Discussion in the Course Resource section. |
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Pawn Johnson-Hunter
Sep 27, 2020 9:54 PM
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Must post first.
There are hundreds of opioid conversion calculators available online, though they are not all of good quality. I would like to direct you to one of the opioid conversion calculators that I find to be most useful and evidence based. Locate http://
Migraine is a major neurological disease that affects more than 36 million men, women and children in the United States. There is no cure for migraine. Most current treatments aim to reduce headache frequency and stop individual headaches when they occur. Let’s look at a case example:
Post your initial response by Wednesday at midnight. Respond to one student by Sunday at midnight. Both responses should be a minimum of 150 words, scholarly written, APA formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2 references are required (other than your text). Refer to the Grading Rubric for Online Discussion in the Course Resource section. |
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Kelly Miskovsky
Oct 15, 2020 9:39 AM
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Must post first.
Calcium and Vitamin D supplementation are essential to bone health and the management of osteopenia and osteoporosis. In the past few years, information regarding the potential risks of too much calcium (such as cardiovascular disease and/or events) have been emerging.
Gout is a common form of inflammatory arthritis that is very painful. It usually affects one joint at a time (often the big toe joint). Although there is no cure for gout, it can be effectively treated and managed with medication and self-management strategies
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Kelly Miskovsky
Oct 12, 2020 1:28 PM
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Must post first.
When faced with a choice between 2 or more possible answers, using a “STEPS” analysis may be a useful clinical decision making tool. The goal is to provide information for each agent and compare the results to aid in your decision. S: safety – are there any serious drug interactions? Possible serious side effects or adverse drug reactions? T – tolerability – consider any adverse drug effects or side effects that may be concerning to the patient such as: diarrhea, headaches, rash, etc. E – efficacy – is one agent more efficacious than the other for the infection? P – price – does the patient have insurance? will cost inhibit adherence or access to the medication? S – simplicity – which regimen is simpler? Once a day dosing will likely have better adherence rates than three times a day dosing. Also, three days of an antibiotic may be preferable to 7-10 days. Depending on the drug you choose, the frequency and duration will vary. Here’s an example table
1. Which one would you choose and why? 2. Identify the available treatment strategies for CAP in an adult outpatient with comorbidities. Create your own “steps” analysis comparing the use of the available treatment regimens. Be prepared to compare and contrast your ideas with your classmates. Reference: Evaluating the safety and effectiveness of new drugs
Post your initial response by Wednesday at midnight. Respond to one student by Sunday at midnight. Both responses should be a minimum of 150 words, scholarly written, APA formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2 references are required (other than your text). Refer to the Grading Rubric for Online Discussion in the Course Resource section. |
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Anna McMullen
Oct 19, 2020 2:11 PM
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Must post first.
Often infections have several treatment possibilities, depending on both patient specific and disease specific characteristics. Below is a very short case, and I want you as a class to compare and contrast the listed treatment options. The focus will be on safety and efficacy of the regimens, all considered possible choices by the Infectious Disease Society of America’s treatment guidelines for Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis. HT is a 31 year old female with acute, uncomplicated cystitis and no known drug allergies. She has no significant PMH or medications. Her urine culture shows a susceptible E. coli (susceptible to all treatments listed below). Please compare the safety and efficacy of the following options. What would make you choose one over another? 1. nitrofurantoin 100 mg po BID x 7 days 2. TMP/SMX DS (160 mg/800 mg) po BID x 3 days 3. levofloxacin 250 mg po daily x 3 days 4. cephalexin 500 mg po q12hrs x 7-14 days I want you all to discuss and add to or dispute each other’s thoughts and ideas.
Post your initial response by Wednesday at midnight. Respond to one student by Sunday at midnight. Both responses should be a minimum of 150 words, scholarly written, APA formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2 references are required (other than your text). Refer to the Grading Rubric for Online Discussion in the Course Resource section. |
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Kelly Miskovsky
Oct 26, 2020 10:14 AM
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Must post first.
JR is a 56 yo man with h/o asthma, HTN and hyperlipidemia. He presents to the ER today with h/o shortness of breath for 45 minutes at rest. He reports that he was feeling well and in his usual state of health until about an hour ago, when he smelled something burning. 20 minutes later, he began to feel short of breath and was wheezing. He tried using his albuterol inhaler without success, so he proceeded to the ER. Upon arrival, he was tachycardic, tachypneic, wheezing, using accessory muscles and hypertensive. His last admission for an asthma attack was 2 months ago. He denies a recent cold or URI and says the albuterol usually helps him when he feels an attack coming on and tends to use it on a daily basis. He generally has wheezing and shortness of breath on a daily basis. JR reports poor sleep due to waking about 2 times a week for shortness of breath. He has 2 cats, which sleep next to him on his pillow and he lives in an apartment complex. JR does not smoke, but his neighbor smokes. JR is a carpenter by occupation. He monitors his peak flow once a week at home. He reports that his peak flow generally runs about 325 L/min and his personal best is 480 L/min. His current peak flow is 175 L/min. Medication Prior to Admission: Albuterol MDI 2 puffs BID-QID PRN Salmeterol Diskus 1 inhalation QID Ipratropium bromide MDI 2 puffs QID Lovastatin 20 mg po HS Lisinopril 10 mg po QD Questions:
Post your initial response by Wednesday at midnight. Respond to one student by Sunday at midnight. Both responses should be a minimum of 150 words, scholarly written, APA formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2 references are required (other than your text). Refer to the Grading Rubric for Online Discussion in the Course Resource section. |
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Anna McMullen
Nov 17, 2020 4:25 PM
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Must post first.
A 50yo African American woman presents to clinic feeling tired for the last 3 months. She also has trouble breathing when walking 2-3 blocks. She sleeps on 2 pillows at night to help with her breathing. PMH: HTN, arthritis. Physical exam: edema present in both feet. Medications: HCTZ 12.5mg daily, verapamil SA 120 mg daily, ibuprofen 200 mg BID for arthritis in knee. Vitals: height 5’2″, 63kg, BP 134/84, HR 78, EF 30% per echocardiogram. Her labs are normal including a creatinine of 1.1. She denies chest pain or palpitations. Her EKG reveals normal sinus rhythm with no evidence of ischemia or recent acute coronary syndrome.
Post your initial response by Wednesday at midnight. Respond to one student by Sunday at midnight. Both responses should be a minimum of 150 words, scholarly written, APA formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2 references are required (other than your text). Refer to the Grading Rubric for Online Discussion in the Course Resource section.
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Gisselle Mustiga
Nov 8, 2020 11:40 PM
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Must post first.
Bill is a 58yo male recently diagnosed with stable angina. He has been experiencing chest pain about 2-3 times per week for the last month. His chest pain typically occurs while walking, which he does about 3 times each week. He has no other significant past medical history, takes no medications, has no drug allergies, and does not smoke. His BP is 122/74, HR 72. His labs are all normal. His fasting lipid profile is Total Cholesterol 175, HDL 45, LDL 90, TG 125. Waist circumference is 30”, and BMI is 24. His family history is unremarkable.
Post your initial response by Wednesday at midnight. Respond to one student by Sunday at midnight. Both responses should be a minimum of 150 words, scholarly written, APA formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2 references are required (other than your text). Refer to the Grading Rubric for Online Discussion in the Course Resource section. |
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Augusta Ibeh
Nov 17, 2020 1:27 PM
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Must post first.
A 44-year-old woman has a 10-year history of type 2 diabetes. She is a nonsmoker with well-controlled hypertension. She is on : -dietary management -metformin 1000mg BID -omega-3 1000mg ii BID lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide 20/25 QD. She has a family history of diabetes. BP 134/78, BMI of 36.0, HbA1C 7.5% FLP: LDL–C 95 mg/dL, triglycerides 350 mg/dL, and HDL–C 38 mg/dL
NOTE: If recommending therapy provide drug, dose and rationale please. Post your initial response by Wednesday at midnight. Respond to one student by Sunday at midnight. Both responses should be a minimum of 150 words, scholarly written, APA formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2 references are required (other than your text). Refer to the Grading Rubric for Online Discussion in the Course Resource section. |
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Shante Hunt
Nov 22, 2020 7:54 PM
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Group/section restrictions.
Patient rounds involve various disciplines coming together to discuss the patient’s condition and coordinate care. They are used as an educational tool and also help keep everyone on the same page when it comes to the treatment plan. The following case is found in the textbook (Pharmacotherapy: Principles and Practices. Chisholm-Burns et al, eds. 5th edition. McGraw-Hill. New York 2019. ISBN-978-1-260-01944-5; Chapter 34. “Patient encounter”). After reading the assigned chapters, resources identified in Dynamed and Evidence based practice guidelines, please present the case to your peers. This will be your initial post. Please be sure to address all the questions and your responses are well researched and include supporting, evidence based guidelines such those of the WHO, CDC, APS, etc.
You will then provide an evaluation of TWO peer submissions of the same case. These response posts / evaluations shall include a complete response (with references) either endorsing or refuting the post you are evaluating based upon your research and references (including the text). The response posts / evaluations will have one additional step; you will assign a rating to each of your TWO peers initial post using a five star rating system.
- 5 STARS = Excellent
- 4 STARS = Above Average
- 3 STARS = Average
- 2 STARS = Below Average
- 1 STAR = Poor
Rate the post by clicking on the number of stars you think the post deserves in the Ratings area of a user’s post. You can give a maximum of five stars. [Ratings: ☆☆☆☆☆]
In essence, you will have three posts total. Your initial post and a two response posts (one for each of two classmates you are grouped with).
Part 1:
HPI: A 78-year-old man who is to undergo a left above the knee amputation due to a limb abscess
PMH: Peripheral artery disease for 18 years; cardiomyopathy, benign prostatic hypertrophy for 13 years
FH: Mother had osteoporosis; father had diabetes
SH: Lives with wife; has two grown children
Meds: Aspirin 81mg daily; atorvastatin 80 mg at bedtime; multivitamin 1 daily; pantoprazole 40 mg daily; tamsulosin 0.4 mg daily
Pain Assessment: Patient rates pain as 8 on a scale of 0 to 10.
- Based on the type of injury, what type of pain is this patient likely to experience?
- What type of pain management regimen would you suggest in the postoperative period? Explain your answer
Part 2:
Following surgery he was placed on morphine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). He has been using 55 mg of morphine/24 hours with adequate pain control; however, he developed redness and itching on his neck that is believed to be due to the morphine.
Current Meds: Morphine PCA; aspirin 81 mg daily; atorvastatin 80 mg at bedtime; multivitamin 1 daily; gabapentin 100 mg three times daily; pantoprazole 40 mg daily, tamsulosin 0.4 mg daily; heparin 5000 units twice daily until discharged home. He will be discharged to a skilled nursing facility for rehabilitation therapy.
You would like to convert him to a combination preparation of hydrocodone and APAP for as-needed pain relief.
- What dosing regimen would you suggest?
- What would your monitoring plan include for this patient?
- How would you assess pain response?
- The patient is concerned about the redness and itching that he developed while on morphine. Would you document this as an allergic reaction?
- What other interventions or education may be necessary at this time?
Part 3:
The patient was discharged to a skilled nursing facility and is receiving physical therapy and occupational therapy 6 days each week.
Current Meds: Aspirin 81 mg daily; atorvastatin 80 mg at bedtime; multivitamin 1 daily; gabapentin 100 mg three times daily; pantoprazole 40 mg daily, tamsulosin 0.4 mg daily, heparin 5000 units twice daily until discharged home, hydrocodone/acetaminophen 5/325 mg every 6 hours as needed for pain.
Pain Assessment: Patient reports pain of 7 out of 10; worse with movement.
Physical therapy notes indicate patient is unable to complete therapy goals due to complaints of pain.
- Based on this information, what would you recommend to optimize pain control?
- Prescribers play a critical role in prescription drug misuse and abuse prevention. What steps can be taken to identify signs of dependence and abuse and what education can you provide to the patient regarding the negative effects of medication misuse?
Part 4:
The patient has been at the skilled nursing facility for 4 weeks and is making progress toward rehabilitation goals; however, he complains that his leg is throbbing and feels like pins and needles. As a result, he requests to rest several times during her therapy sessions. During unit rounds, his therapist inquires whether her previous pain medication should be reordered.
Pain Assessment: 4 out of 10
Current Meds: Aspirin 81 mg daily; atorvastatin 80 mg at bedtime; multivitamin 1 daily; gabapentin 100 mg three times daily; pantoprazole 40 mg daily, tamsulosin 0.4 mg daily, heparin 5000 units twice daily until discharged home,
- What additional recommendations would you have at this time regarding pain management?
- Are there any other therapeutic issues that should be addressed?
ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS
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- Discussion Questions (DQ)
Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, including a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words. Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source. One or two-sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words. I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.
- Weekly Participation
Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately. In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies. Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work). Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week. Advanced Pharmacology Discussions
- APA Format and Writing Quality
Familiarize yourself with the APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in Loud-cloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required). Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation. I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.
- Use of Direct Quotes
I discourage over-utilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Master’s level and deduct points accordingly. As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content. It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source.
- LopesWrite Policy
For assignments that need to be submitted to Lopes Write, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me. Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes. Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own? Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in Loud-cloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score. Advanced Pharmacology Discussions
- Late Policy
The university’s policy on late assignments is a 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies. Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances. If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect. I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension. As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading. Advanced Pharmacology Discussions
- Communication
Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me: Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class. Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.
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